assessment 4 pt 1 Flashcards
encephalomyelitis
inflammation of the brain and spinal cord
4 major viral diseases that cause equine encephalomyelitis
EEE
WEE
VEE
West Nile virus
EEE
Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis
WEE
Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
VEE
Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis
main reservoir for these major encephalitides
birds
how are they transmitted
mosquito bites or bird that is infected and then bites horse
treatment of equine encephalomyelitis
- supportive care
- if horse can’t rise, treatment is difficult
What type of virus causes WNV
Flavivirus
What kind of hosts are humans and horses for WNV
dead end host; cannot spread the disease any further
how WNV is transmitted to bird, horses and humans
mosquitos
Which clinical sign is seen more commonly with WNV
muscle tremors of muzzle and face
Are EEE, WEE, VEE, and WNV preventable
yes; vaccines annually
steps used to reduce mosquitoes
- eliminate standing water
- mosquito repellent
- avoid having lights on at night
equine biosecurity measures
- any sign of a contagious respiratory disease should be quarantined
- new horses should be quarantined
- don’t share infected objects between horses
latency; why it’s an issue
the virus can remain unactive and become activated during periods of stress; they can spread it without knowing
EHV
Equine Herpes Virus
2 most common types of EHV
EHV 1 and 4
What form/type of EHV is responsible for the neurologic form
EHV 1
methods of transmission for EHV
direct or indirect
transplacental
4 organs systems can be affected by EHV
brain
lungs
liver
(reproductive) unborn fetus
treatment for EHV
supportive care
how often should exposed horses have their temperature taken? When should an exposed horse be tested? How long should an exposed horse be isolated?
BID; when they have a fever; 14-21 days
EIV
equine influenza
Is EIV distinguishable from EHV and EVA based on clinical signs
no - use nasal swab test
What causes strangles
Streptococcus equi
How is strangles transmitted? How long can the causative agent last in the environment
direct or indirect and flies; 6-8 wks
How does the causative agent invade the horse
attacks lymph nodes
What are the clinical signs of strangles
- fever
- mucopurulent nasal discharge
- abscessation
- swelling of submandibular lymph nodes
guttural pouch
an air-filed diverticulum of the auditory tube
2 sequelae to strangles
guttural pouch infection and chondroid formation
strangles treatment
antibiotics and isolation
When are horses recovering from strangles considered NOT contagious
3 negative swabs
what causes EVA
equine viral arteritis virus
how is EVA transmitted
stallions during breeding
clinical signs of EVA
no symptoms
What type of vaccine is available for EVA
modified live
Why should breeding stallions be tested before vaccination? When should breeding mares be vaccinated?
they will always test positive if vaccinated while positive; 3 weeks prior to breeding
PHF
Potomac Horse Fever
What is the organism that causes PHF
Neorickettsia risticii
How is PHF transmitted? Can horses transmit PHF to other horses
bacteria lives in flukes in water which are then eaten by snails which are then eaten by the horse - or the horse directly ingests fluke; they cannot transmit it horse to horse
clinical signs of PHF
GI symptoms including diarrhea
treatment for PHF
treated with Oxytetracycline
EIA
Equine Infectious Anemia
what causes EIA
retrovirus (swamp fever)
How is EIA transmitted
mosquitoes or by sharing blood contaminated needles and instruments
How is EIA diagnosed
coggins (AGID) test and elisa test
What are the USDA requirements regarding EIA
all horses being imported must have a negative coggins test
What are Illinois requirements regarding EIA
all horses being used for equine events, sold, loaned, leased, or traded need to have a negative coggins test within 1 year
What happens to a horse if it tests positive for EIA
it must be euthanized or permanently quarantined in an approved facility
