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Small mammals > Assessment 3 - Small animal - Diseases > Flashcards

Assessment 3 - Small animal - Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Chinchillas - common ailments (3)

A

Heat stroke
Fur slip
Conjunctivitis

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2
Q

Chipmunk common ailments

A

Respiratory infections
Cheek pouch problems
Stereotypical behaviours - due to stress

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3
Q

Degu common ailments

A

Diabetes

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4
Q

Ferrets Common ailments

A

Persistent oestrus

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5
Q

Guinea pigs - Common ailments

A

Hypovitaminosis C
Pneumonia
Bladder stones

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6
Q

Hamster - Common ailments

A

Pyometra

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7
Q

Rabbits - Common ailments

A

Gut stasis - Ileus
Fly strike
Ear mites

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8
Q

Rats, mice and gerbils - Common ailments

A

Respiratory disease

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9
Q

Sugar gliders - Common ailments

A

Metabolic bone disease
Issues/ poor husbandry

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10
Q

Chinchilla - Heat stroke - Clinical signs (6)

A

Restlessness
Lethargy
Panting
Salivation
Red ears
Collapse

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11
Q

Chinchilla - Heat stroke - Immediate first aid (5)

A

Move 2 cool place
Cool water: ears & paws
Cool water bath
Encourage drinking
Call vet

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12
Q

Chinchilla - Heat stroke - Ongoing treatment (4)

A

Fluids
Assisted feeding
Drugs to keep guts working
Monitor temp

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13
Q

Chinchilla - Heat stroke - Prevention (7)

A

Well ventilated cage
Away from direct sunlight
Access to water
Access to shade
AC
Limit play in hot weather
Cooling slabs/ packs

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14
Q

Chinchilla - Fur slip - General (4)

A

Natural defence mechanism
Release tufts to get away if trapped
Different to shedding
Not painful

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15
Q

Chinchilla - Fur slip - Signs (2

A

Visible fur slipping
Patch of fur missing (clean skin under)

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16
Q

Chinchilla - Fur slip - Prevention (4)

A

Remove stressors
Careful handling
Dust baths
Enrichment

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17
Q

Chinchilla - Conjunctivitis - General info (1) and causes (2)

A

Inflammation of conjunctiva
Irritation from dust baths
Poor ventilation/hygiene

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18
Q

Chinchilla - Conjunctivitis - Clinical signs (4)

A

Weeping eyes
Red conjunctiva
Eyes partially claused
Rubbing face

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19
Q

Chinchilla - Conjunctivities - Vet may use…(3)

A

Ophthalmoscope
Dye in eyes to check for cornea damage
Swab of eyes to check for infection

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20
Q

Chinchilla - Conjunctivitis - Treatment (3)

A

Clean eyes w saline solution & Possibly antibiotics & eye drops
Remove dust baths until healed

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21
Q

Chinchilla - Conjunctivitis - Prevention (4)

A

Only use chinchilla dust
Remove dust baths when not in use
Ensure good cleaning practice
Ventilation

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22
Q

Chipmunk - Respiratory infections - Causes (3)

A

Overgrown incisors
Dusty environment
Influenza

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23
Q

Chipmunk - Respiratory infections - Clinical signs (3)

A

Nasal discharge
Noisy breathing
Fast breathing

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24
Q

Chipmunk - Respiratory infections - Treatments (3)

A

Antiobiotics
Treat dental disease
Supportive care (oxygen, warm environment, fluids, assisted feeding, rest)

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25
Q

Chipmunk - Respiratory infections - Prevention (3)

A

No dusty substrates
Ventilation
Stuff to gnaw

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26
Q

Chipmunk - Cheek pouch problems (4)

A

Abscess
Tumour
Impaction
Prolapse

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27
Q

Chipmunk - Cheek pouch - Clinical signs (6)

A

Cheek pouches appear full (long periods)
One cheek appears full
Salivation
Pawing at mouth
Anorexia
Pink tissue visible to corner of mouth (prolapse)

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28
Q

Chipmunk - Cheek pouch - Prevention (3)

A

Check enclosure for sharp objects
Avoid food with sharp edges
Avoid cotton wool

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29
Q

Chipmunk - Stereotypical behaviours (4)

A

Keep wild instincts in captivity
& Easily stressed

Circling
Aggression

Identify issue + remove potential stressors

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30
Q

Degu - Clinical signs of diabetes (4)

A

Weight loss

PUPD

Cataracts (after 4 weeks)

Weak immune system - infections

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31
Q

Degu - Prevention and treatment of diabetes (7)

A

Low sugar diet (check for molasses)

Test urine for BSL

Weigh them regularly

Exercise wheel

Water

Comfy room temp

Clean substrate

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32
Q

Ferret - Most common problem (3)

A

Persistent oestrus
Sexually mature +/- 9 months
Induced ovulators

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33
Q

Stages of persistent oestrus (ferrets) 6

A

Not mated

No ovulation

Oestrogen levels remain high

Bone marrow suppression

Pancytopaenia

Potentially fatal

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34
Q

Clinical signs of oestrus in ferrets (8)

A

Swollen vulva

Abdominal distension

Lethargy

Increased respiratory rate

Pale mucous membrane

Bruising

Petechia

Alopecia

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35
Q

Treatment of persistent oestrus - ferrets (3)

A

Decrease oestrogen levels (drugs)
Transfusion (if needed)
Supportive care (Abx)

36
Q

Prevention of persistent oestrus - ferrets

A

Spaying (risk of Cushing)

Implant

Jill jab

Vasectomised hob

37
Q

Guinea pigs - Hypovitaminosis General (2)

A

Can’t synthesise Vit C in their liver

Need adequate amounts of Vit C in their diets

38
Q

Guinea pigs - Hypovitaminosis Clinical signs (7)

A

Swollen painful joints
Lameness or shuffling gait
Wound that struggle to heal
Poor quality coat

Pain on handling
Weakness/ lethargy/ depression
Diarrhoea

39
Q

Guinea pigs - Hypovitaminosis Treatment (5)

A

Daily Vit C for a week
Ongoing Vit C supplementation
Pain relief

Check if cause is elsewhere
Comfy bedding

40
Q

Guinea pigs - Hypovitaminosis Prevention (3)

A

Fresh greens high in Vit C
Don’t feed perishable pellets
In water/ regular change

41
Q

Guinea pigs - Pneumonia - General (3)

A

Most commonly bacterial pneumonia (Bordetella bronchiseptica)
Infectious
Animals in poor condition more susceptible

42
Q

Guinea pigs - Pneumonia - Clinical signs (6)

A

Abnormal respiratory sounds
Difficulty breathing
Discharge from eyes and nose

Anorexia
Lethargy
Can be fatal

43
Q

Guinea pigs - Pneumonia - Treatments (7)

A

Abx
Oxygen in severe cases
Fluids & nutritional support
Pain relief if uncomfortable

Clean eyes and nose often
Ventilation & dust free
Vit C supplement

44
Q

Guinea pigs - Pneumonia - Prevention (5)

A

Good husbandry
Good diet
Avoid overcrowding
Avoid contact with dogs with KC
Separate GP from others

45
Q

Guinea pigs - Bladder stones - General

A

Urolithiasis
Stones can be anywhere in UT
Cause: excess calcium
Mostly: middle-aged/ older GPs

46
Q

Guinea pigs - Bladder stones - Clinical signs (8)

A

Blood in urine
Strain to urinate
Not passing urine at all (very urgent)
Vocalisation during urination

Hunched posture
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Lethargy

47
Q

Guinea pigs - Bladder stones - Treatments(6)

A

No meds exist to dissolve
Surgery is needed to remove stones
Pain relief

Antibiotics if underlying UTI
Supportive care
Recurrence = likely

48
Q

Guinea pigs - Bladder stones - Prevention (7)

A

Fresh water
Diet needs grass or Timothy hay
Only minimal pellets
Don’t add calcium supplements to diet

Clean cage regularly
Avoid weight gain
Encourage exercise

49
Q

Hamsters - Pyometra (5)

A

Life threatening
Infection in uterus
Open or closed
Can affect all ages - whether they have had pregnancies or not

50
Q

Hamsters - Open Pyometra - Clinical signs (6)

A

Cervix is open
Discharge & blood from vulva
Any blood needs checking (no mensies)
Irritable
Hunched posture
Anorexia

51
Q

Hamsters - Closed Pyometra - Clinical signs (8)

A

Cervix closed
Bacteria in uterus causes infection
Blood and pus accumulate
Abdomen distended
Can move across uterine wall
Signs of sepais
Uterine rupture
Can be fatal

52
Q

Hamsters - Pyometra - Treatment (5)

A

Abx - Baytrill (temporary)
Surgical removal (spay)
Older females more at risk
Closed pyometra more complicated
Euthanasia optional

53
Q

Hamsters - Pyometra - Prevention

A

Spay not common for hamsters
Monitor water intake

54
Q

Rabbits - Ileus/ Gut stasis - General (4)

A

Fatal if left untreated
Intestines stop moving food through
Food can ferment and produce gas
Nutrients/ fluids = not absorbed

55
Q

Rabbits - Gut stasis - Clinical signs

A

Anorexia
Reduced/ no faecal output
Dehydration
Depression
Abdominal pain
Bloating

56
Q

Rabbits - Gut stasis - Treatment (6)

A

Fluids
Drugs to stimulate gut motility
High fibre (possibly syringe)
Pain relief
Good nursing care
Identify underlying cause

57
Q

Rabbits - Gut stasis - Prevention (8)

A

Diet
Avoid food that can cause obstruction
Avoid weight gain
Groom long-haired rabbits often
Changes gradual
Stress free if possible
Regular vet checks (esp. dental)
Prompt treatment if pain

58
Q

Rabbits - Fly strike - General (5)

A

Common in summer months
Can be very quick
Flies come to sores, faeces, urine
Flies lay eggs - maggots
Maggots burrow + eat flesh of rabbit

59
Q

Rabbits - Fly strike - Clinical signs (7)

A

Wounds, especially around back end
Bad smell
Visible maggots
Pain
Depression
Shock
Collapse

60
Q

Rabbits - Fly strike - Treatment (8)

A

Emergency vet treatment
Sedation & clip: remove all maggots
Clean wounds & keep clean (rearguard)
Abx
Pain relief
Fluids
Nutrition
Treat underlying cause

61
Q

Rabbits - Fly strike - Prevention

A

Twice daily checks in summer
Diet
Clean/dry rabbits and environment
Grooming
Rearguard
Avoid weight gain
Keep wound clean and ry
Prompt vet treatment for wounds, urinary problems or diarrhoea
Medication to manage any arthritis

62
Q

Rabbits - Ear mites - General

A

Otodichtes
Psoroptes cuniculi
Transmission: direct contact or via fomites
Mites can survive away from host up to 3 weeks

63
Q

Rabbits - Ear mites - Clinical signs

A

Head shaking
Scratching of the ears
Head shyness
Crusty ears
Head tilt
May affect one of both ears
Lesions may spread to face and body

64
Q

Rabbits - Ear mites - Treatment

A

Regular ear cleaning
Clip claws
Clean environment
Antiparasitic treatment - for all rabbits of household
Ear drops
Pain relief

65
Q

Rabbits - Ear mites - Prevention

A

Clean environments
Ivermectin spot on
Check new rabbits for parasites before joining in other rabbits
Monitor early signs of mites

66
Q

Rabbit vaccinations

A

Myxomatosis
Viral haemorrhagic disease

67
Q

Rats & mice - Respiratory disease

A

Common in rat and mice (rare in gerbils)
Caused by infection disease - bacterial or viral
Non-infectious - poor husbandry

68
Q

Rats & mice - Respiratory disease - Clinical signs

A

Poor coat condition
Lethargy
Reduced appetite/ anorexia
Red staining (nose and eyes)
Discharge from eyes or nose
Sneezing
Dyspnoea
Abdominal breathing patterns
Abormal posture
Noisy breathing
Open mouth breathing

69
Q

Rats & mice - Respiratory disease - Treatment

A

Isolate individual individual
Fluids & nutritional support
Minimal stress and handling
Oxygen-enriched environment
Dust-free bedding
Meds
Euthanasia

70
Q

Rats & mice - Respiratory disease - Prevention

A

Well-ventilated enclosure
Absorbent, dust-free bedding and substrate
Spot clean daily, deep clean at least weekly
Avoid overcrowding
Good quality diet
Monitor for early signs of disease and isolate if affected

71
Q

Sugar gliders - Metabolic bone disease

A

Bones lose density & become soft
Cause: nutritional imbalance: low calcium and low vitamin D
Also common in reptiles
(Rickets in people)

72
Q

Sugar gliders - Metabolic bone disease - Clinical signs

A

Pain
Lameness
Weakness
Thickening of bones
Deformities
Fractures
Muscle tremors
Seizures
Underweight/ small for age

73
Q

Sugar gliders - Metabolic bone disease - Treatment

A

X rays (diagnostics)
Pain relief
Calcium & Vit D supplements
Cage rest
Minimise handling
Changes to skeleton likely to be permanent

74
Q

Sugar gliders - Metabolic bone disease - Prevention

A

Limit fruit intake
Feed diet of primarily insects or insectivore mix
Calcium & Vit D supplements but may affect palatability
Gut-loaded insects

75
Q

Rodents and rabbits - Dental disease
Causes (4)

A

Congenital/ acquired
Inability to gnaw
Incorrect nutrition
Trauma

76
Q

Rodents and rabbits - Dental disease
Clinical signs (6)

A

Anorexia
Excessive salivation
Swelling/ abscesses
Eye discharge
Less grooming
Overgrown/ misaligned incisors

77
Q

Rodents and rabbits - Dental disease
Treatment (4)

A

No clipping
Sedation/ GA (burring)
Further investigate root
Abx/ Painkillers (maybe)

78
Q

Rodents and rabbits - Dental disease
Prevention (6)

A

Correct nutrients
Grass/hay
Chance to gnaw
Regular checks
Regular vet checks
Avoid breeding if previous issues

79
Q

Ferrets & Hedgehogs - Dental disease
Causes (4)

A

Trauma
Soft foods
Old age
Other diseases

80
Q

Ferrets & Hedgehogs - Dental disease
Clinical signs (5)

A

Gingivitis
Smelly breath
Tartar
Broken teeth
Anorexia

81
Q

Ferrets & Hedgehogs - Dental disease
Treatment (2)

A

Scale & polish (GA)
Possibly removal

82
Q

Ferrets & Hedgehogs - Dental disease
Prevention (4)

A

Tooth brushing
Water additives
Dental chews
Hard food

83
Q

Hedgehog - Wobbly hedgehog syndrome - General

A

Degenerative neurolog. disease
Myelin of nerve fibres
Possibly genetic
Affects mostly african pygmy
Diet may play a role

84
Q

Hedgehog - Wobbly hedgehog syndrome - Clinical signs

A

Usually before 2yo
Can’t ball up
Tremors
Falling to 1 side
Muscle weakness
Difficulty swallowing/eating
Complete paralysis
Seizures

85
Q

Hedgehog - Wobbly hedgehog syndrome - Treatment

A

No successful treatments
Supportive care
Physiotherapy/ massage
Vitamin E
Euthanasia when QOL deteriorates

86
Q

Hedgehog - Wobbly hedgehog syndrome - Prevention

A

Careful & ethical breeding

Small mammals (6 decks)

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