Assessing Mouth And Oropharynx Flashcards
The mouth and oropharynx are composed of a number of structures
Lips
Oral mucosa
Tongue
Floor of the mouth
Teeth and gums
Hard and soft palate
Uvula
Salivary glands
Tonsillar pillars
Tonsils
What are the salivary glands
Parotid glands
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands
The ___ is the largest salivary gland and empties through the stensen duct opposite the second molar
Located below and infront of the ears empty through Stensen ducts, which are located inside the cheek across from the second upper molar.
Parotid gland
The ___ empties through the Wharton duct, which is situated on either side of the frenulum on the floor of the mouth
located in the lower jaw, open under the tongue on either side of the frenulum through openings called Wharton ducts.
Submandibular gland
The __ lies in the floor of the mouth and had numerous openings
located under the tongue, open through several ducts located on the floor of the mouth.
Sublingual gland
Are the 2 problems that most frequently affect the teeth. Both problems are commonly associated with plaque and tartar deposits
Dental carries (cavities)
Periodontal disease (pyorrhea)
____ is an invisible soft film that adheres to the enamel surface of teeth; it consists of bacteria, molecules of saliva, and remnants of epithelial cells and leukocytes
Plaque
When plaque is unchecked, ___ forms
Dental calculus (tartar)
____ is a visible, hard deposit of plaque and dead bacteria that forms at the gum lines
Tartar
Tartar buildup can alter the ___ that attach the teeth to the gum and eventually disrupt bone tissue
Fibers
Periodontal disease is characterized by ___ (red, swollen gingiva [gum]), bleeding, receding gum lines, and the formation of pockets between the teeth and gums.
gingivitis
Inflammation of the tongue
glossitis
Inflammation of the oral mucosa
Stomatitis
inflammation of the parotid salivary gland
parotitis
The accumulation of foul matter (food, microorganisms, and epithelial elements) on the teeth and gums is referred to as ___.
Sordes
Each tooth has three parts:
the crown, the root, and the pulp cavity
The ___ is the exposed part of the tooth, which is outside the gum.
The top, visible, white enameled part of each tooth is the __.
crown
CROWN
It is covered with a hard substance called ___.
enamel
The ivory-colored internal part of the crown below the enamel is the ___.
Dentin
The root of a tooth is embedded in the jaw and covered by a bony tissue called ____.
cementum
The pulp cavity in the center of the tooth contains the
blood vessels and nerves
Teeth usually appear ___ months after birth. Early childhood caries (cavities) occur when an infant or toddler is allowed to drink formula, milk, or fruit juice from a bottle for long periods, especially when sleeping. The carbohydrates in the solution cause demineralization of the tooth enamel, which leads to tooth decay. If the child wants a bottle at bedtime, it should contain only water.
5 to 8
By the time children are 2 years old, they usually have all __ of their temporary teeth. At about age 6 or 7, children start losing their deciduous teeth, and these are gradually replaced by the 33 permanent teeth.
20
By age ___, most people have all of their permanent teeth.
25
The incidence of ___ increases during pregnancy because the rise in female hormones affects gingival tissue and increases its reaction to bacterial plaque.
Many pregnant women experience more bleeding from the gingival sulcus during brushing and increased redness and swelling of the gingiva (the gum).
periodontal disease
Lack of fluoridated water and preventive dentistry during their developmental years have caused tooth and gum problems in older adults. As a result, some older adults may have few permanent teeth left, and some have dentures. Loss of teeth occurs mainly because of ____ rather than dental caries; however, caries are also common in middle-aged adults.
periodontal disease (gum disease)
Some receding of the gums and a brownish pigmentation of the gums occur with age. Because ___ decreases with age, dryness of the oral mucosa is a common finding in older people.
saliva production
Beginning of the digestive tract and serves
as an airway for the respiratory tract.
Mouth
Forms entrance to the mouth
Protective gateway to digestive and respiratory tract
Upper and lower lips
Rood of the oral cavity
Anterior: hard palate
Posterior: soft palate
Extension of soft palate
Hangs in the posterior midline
Uvula
Structural support for floor of the mouth
Mandible
Located behind the nose and mouth
Muscular passage for food and air
Throat
Connects behind the tongue to form arches
Soft palate, anterior and posterior pillar, uvula
Folds of mucous membrane
Tonsillar pillars
○ Remains open all the time
○ On each lateral wall is the pharyngeal
opening of the Eustachian(auditory) tube.
○ Fxn as an airway in the respiratory system
○ Contains the adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils
Nasopharynx
○ Middle portion of the pharynx
○ Open anteriorly in the mouth and extends
from soft palate to the hyoid
○ In each lateral wall is a palatine tonsils,
under the tongue are the sublingual tonsils
○ Fxn as an airway
Oropharynx
○ Where both food and air pass
○ Found between hyoid bone, larynx and
esophagus
Laryngopharynx
Location of the tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils
2 tubal tonsils
2 palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Sense of taste
Salty
Sweet
Sour
Umami
Bitter
front side of the tongue
Salty
tip of the tongue
Sweet
Along sides of tongue
Sour
savory; middle side of the tongue
Umami
back one third
Bitter
no sense of taste
Ageusia
a salivary excretory duct that drains saliva from the submandibular glands to the sublingual caruncle in the floor of the mouth
Traverses space between submandibular gland & sublingual caruncle
Submandibular (Wharton’s) Duct:
a small, mucosal prominence or bump located on either side of the frenulum of the tongue
where saliva from submandibular duct secretes into oral cavity proper
Sublingual Caruncle
saliva takes this route from the major salivary gland, the parotid gland in the mouth.
Parotid duct/Stensen duct
the two folds of tissue, the anterior and posterior, that border the palatine tonsils, which are located in the oropharynx
are folds of mucous membrane that covers the muscles of the soft palate & tongue.
Tonsillar pillars
is a small fold of tissue that connects two structures in the body, like the tongue to the floor of the mouth, or the lips to the gums
Labial __
Lingual ___
Frenulum
thick white patches inside the mouth
Leukoplakia
- tonsil stones
Tonsillolith
opening in hard palate
Cleft palate
thick white plaques on the hard palate.
Candida infections
deep purple, raised or flat lesions
Kaposi’s sarcoma
yellow tint to hard palate
Jaundice
Fruity or acetone breath
Diabetic ketoacidosis
ammonia odor
Kidney disease
___ odor may indicate oral or respiratory infection or tooth decay
Foul
Fecal breath odor
bowel obstruction
Sulfur odor(fetor hepaticus)
end-stage liver disease
looks like it is split in two or partially severed
Bifit uvula
Bright red throat with white or yellow exudate
Pharyngitis
Yellowish mucus on throat may be seen with post
nasal sinus drainage
The tonsils are fully inside the pillars.
Grade 0:
Tonsils are found enlarged and out of its pillars.
Grade 1:
Tonsils extending to the pillar
Tonsillar enlargement extends just up to half the distance of the uvula
Grade 2:
Tonsillar enlargement up to the level of the uvula.
Beyond pillars
Grade 3
Tonsillar enlargement is so huge that they are virtually in contact with each other. Kissing tonsil.
Grade 4:
Hyperdontia is the condition of having supernumerary teeth, or teeth that appear in addition to the regular number of teeth.
More than 32
Hyperdontia
Decreased tongue strength may occur with a defect of the ____ or with a shortened frenulum that limits motion.
12th cranial nerve - hypoglossal
Loss of taste discrimination occurs with zinc deficiency. A ___ defect, and certain medication use.
7th cranial nerve (facial)
UVULA
Deviation to one side from tumor or trauma; immobility (may indicate damage to
trigeminal [5th cranial] nerve or vagus [10th cranial] nerve)
The ___ is a mass of muscle, attached to the hyoid bone and styloid process of the temporal bone.
tongue
Tongue is connected to the floor of the mouth by a fold of tissue called the __. The tongue assists with moving food, swallow-ing, and speaking.
frenulum
The ___ are covered by mucous membrane and normally hold 32 permanent teeth in the adult (Fig. 18-2).
gums (gingiva)
The portion of the tooth that is embedded in the gums is the ___.
root
The crown and root are connected by the region of the tooth referred to as the ___.
neck
Small bumps called __ cover the dorsal surface of the tongue. Taste buds, scattered over the tongue’s surface, carry sensory impulses to the brain.
papillae
__helps break down food and lubricates it. ___ digests carbohydrates.
Saliva, Amylase
