ASLP 3030 Unit 2 Flashcards
What is respiration?
The process of air moving in and out of the lungs by increasing and decreasing the pressure inside the lungs.
What is inhalation?
When the pressure in the lungs (Palv) is more negative, so air from the atmosphere is forced to enter the lungs.
What is exhalation?
When the pressure in the lungs (Palv) is more positive, so air from the lungs is forced into the atmosphere.
What is Bernoulli’s Principle and what does it have to do with respiration?
Air flows from high pressure to low pressure; explains inhalation and exhalation.
Where is the site where O2 is exchanged with CO2?
Alveoli
What are the 3 subsystems of producing voice?
- Respiratory system - power source
- Phonator - oscillator
- Articulators/resonance chamber
What is Boyle’s law and what does it have to do with respiration?
As the volume in a space increases, the pressure decreases, and vice versa. Explains lung expansion and compression while breathing.
What is the typical breathing rate of an adult?
12 - 18 breaths per minute
Tidal Volume
Volume of air we take in during a normal respiratory cycle. (Does not include forced inhalation or exhalation)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The additional amount of air that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume after an inhalation when using maximum effort. (i.e. deep breath)
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The additional amount of air that can be exhaled beyond tidal volume after an exhalation using maximum effort.
Residual Volume
The amount of air left in the lungs after a forceful, maximum exhalation. This cannot be voluntarily exhaled, and keeps the lungs from collapsing.
Vital Capacity
The total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation. TV + ERV + IRV + RV
Functional Residual Capacity
Volume of air remaining in lungs after a normal, passive exhalation. ERV + RV
Total Lung Capacity
Max amount of air that the lungs can hold after a max inhalation. TV + RV + IRV + ERV
Inspiratory Reserve
Max amount of air that can be inhaled after a maximum inhalation. TV + IRV
Characteristics of quiet breathing
-Involuntary
-Inhalation is 40% and Exhalation is 60% of the cycle
-Exhalation is approximately 2 seconds
-Utilizes less muscles.
Characteristic of speech breathing
-More voluntary and intentional
-Inhalation is 10% of the cycle and exhalation is 90% of the cycle
-Exhalation is 20-25 seconds
-Utilizes more muscles
What is phonation?
Phonation is the coordinated movements of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, lungs, diaphragm, abdominal and neck muscles to produce human voice.
Frequency modulated tones (warbled tones)
A tone that changes periodically relative to the base frequency. Used in clinical testing to reduce standing waves (when two waves at the same frequency and amplitude travel in opposite directions of each other and interfere with each other)
What is the average vocal frequency for males, females and children?
Children: 400-600 Hz
Females: 200-220 Hz
Males: 100-120Hz
When do respiration differences begin in the age cycle?
60-70 Years old
Presbyphonia: vocal changes resulting in the aging process
Vocal folds bowing
Incomplete glottal closure (breathiness)
F0 Increases in males (130-150Hz) and decreases in females (160-186Hz)
When do phonatory differences begin in the age cycle?
Puberty
Release of androgens (testosterone) causes more pronounced growth
Vocal folds increase by 63% in males and 34% in females.
Explain the Cover-Body model of phonation
The vocal folds have two layers: the cover (superficial) and the body (deep), which vibrate independently to each other. When air pressure in the lungs is released through the closed vocal folds, it vibrates the cover of the vocal folds, which creates soundwaves. The body is the stiff foundation that controls the degree of tension and mass, and adjusts the pitch and intensity of sound by changing its length and shape.
What is a mucosal wave?
The top-to bottom wave-like motion that occurs on the surface of the vocal folds and allows for complex vibration that creates different vocal qualities.
Explain the process of the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation
Explains how vocal fold vibration is initiated and sustained during phonation. In preparation for phonation, the airflow (aerodynamic) force displaces the vocal folds from their adducted position, and the muscular forces of the vocal folds work to resist the airflow to restore them back to their original position (elasticity). The pressure below the vocal folds must be higher than the pressure above, so that the air will flow into the glottis.
What is the cycle to cycle variation of a period of a sound wave?
Jitter
What is the rate at which vocal folds vibrate?
Fundamental Frequency/First Harmonic
Formant Frequency
The resonant frequencies of the vocal tract, determined by the articulators positions during speech production.
Help determine the timbre of sound.
Not dependent on fundamental frequency.
What are the measures of phonation?
- Electroglottography
- Endoscopy
- High-speed digital imaging
- Videokymography
4 qualities of the vocal tract
- It is a quarter-wave resonator
- It’s a series of air-filled containers that are connected to each other
- Broadly tuned resonator
- Variable resonator
What causes hypernasality?
When too much air escapes into the nose when speaking.
What causes hyponasality?
When there’s a nasal blockage.
What is source filter theory?
The “source” is the acoustic energy generated by the vocal folds from the inhalation and exhalation of air into the articulation system. The articulatory system is the “filter” that shapes the soundwaves generated by the source. Frequencies whose amplitudes are reduced by the filter are “attenuated”, and others are not attenuated.
How are vowels distinguished on a spectrogram?
By the first three formants
How does tongue position affect formants?
They have an inverse relationship
Which laryngeal cartilages are paired?
Corniculates, cuneiforms and arytenoids
Which laryngeal cartilages are unpaired?
Thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid
Describe the process of phonation
- Breath initiation: exhalation begins the phonation process
- Laryngeal Raising: prepares the vocal folds by elevating
- Vocal Fold Adduction: vocal folds come together and close the glottis
- Vocal Fold Vibration: airflow causes the vocal folds to rapidly open & close
Free vibration
Vibration caused by a single application of an external force (e.g. plucking a guitar string)
Forced vibration
Vibration caused by the repeated application of a force to a vibrating body
Natural Resonance Frequency (Resonant Frequency)
The frequency at which a body will vibrate when set into free vibration
Muscle Tension Dysphonia
Excessive tension in and around the voice box that causes changes in the sound or feel of your voice.
What is stiffness?
The resistance of a body to being displaced
What is compliance?
The ease with which a body can be displaced
Factors that can impact Resonance
- Cavity Shape - the shape and size of the cavities affect the frequencies that are amplified
- Articulatory Position - precise positioning of the articulators can affect resonance
- Airflow - the direction and volume of airflow through the vocal tract influences the resonance characteristic
- Degree of coupling between oral and nasal cavities can impact nasality of speech
Laryngeal Cancer (symptoms, causes and affect on phonation)
Symptoms: irregular vibration of the vocal folds, persistent hoarseness, difficulty with pitch and volume, airflow obstruction aphonia.
Causes: tobacco use, alcohol consumption, HPV
Benign tumors of the vocal folds (symptoms, causes and affect on phonation)
Symptoms: disrupt normal vibration of the vocal folds; hoarseness, lowered pitch, increased vocal effort, loss of vocal range
Cause: overuse, misuse, strain
Muscle tension dysphonia (symptoms, causes and affect on phonation)
Excessive tension around/on the vocal folds.
Symptoms: Hoarseness, breathiness, voice may get cut off suddenly, pitch too high or too low, pain or tension in throat.
Cause: upper respiratory infection, smoking, acid reflux, overuse
Gastroesophageal reflux/laryngopharyngeal reflux (GERD/LPR) (symptoms, causes and affect on phonation)
Backflow of gastric contents into laryngopharyngeal area.
Symptoms: chronic throat clearing, sore throat, dysphagia, hoarseness, coughing
Cause:
What is a spirometer used for?
Measuring lung capacity
Nasal sounds have both:
Antiformants and nasal formants
What is coarticulation?
Describes how preceding and following sounds in a word affect the target sound
Describe the process of producing voice
The lungs expand and contract due to increasing and decreasing pressure, which forces the air through the trachea, which vibrates the vocal folds and creates a soundwave. The soundwave then travels through the different cavities (oral and nasal) and articulators (lips, teeth, palates, tongue) of the articulatory system, which then resonates and gives sounds its specific characteristics and meanings.
What is manner of articulation?
How the articulators relate to each other and how it affects the resulting sound
What is place of articulation?
Where the sound is made in the vocal tract and what articulators are used to make it.
