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Year 2 Sem 1 Evidence Based Practice > Asking clinical question > Flashcards

Asking clinical question Flashcards

1
Q

Discuss background questions

A
  • Broad, general knowledge questions about a condition/ treatment/ test
  • Who, when, what, where, why, how on the disorder/treatment/test of interest
  • What causes dental caries?
  • Resources: websites, textbooks
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2
Q

Discuss foreground questions

A
  • More specific and related to an single patient or a group of patients (targeted questions)
  • Information comes from medical databases
  • Will the use of 5000PPM fluoride be effective in treating S-ECC in children from remote areas?
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3
Q

List the four components of a well-built structured foreground clinical question

A
  1. Patient:
  2. Intervention/ exposers
  3. Control
  4. Outcome
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4
Q

Describe the patient/ population aspect of a PICO foreground question.

A

• What are the patient’s demographics such as age, gender and ethnicity

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5
Q

Describe the intervention/ exposure aspect of a PICO foreground question.

A
  • Identify the intervention that may affect the outcome
  • Sometimes, it may be an exposure rather than an intervention. For example, a risk factor
  • Example of interventions include, treatments, surgical technique, screening test, preventive measure etc
  • Can specify with more information e.g. dose, frequency and duration, route of administration for a drug
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6
Q

Describe the control aspect of a PICO foreground question.

A
  • What can the treatment be compared with?
  • Some questions will not always have a comparator
  • Comparators can be: no treatment at all, standard treatment.
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7
Q

Describe the outcome aspect of a PICO foreground question.

A
  • What is the effect?
  • What effects are not wanted?
  • E.g, pain relief, decrease DMFT, lower plaque index
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8
Q

Identify different types of clinical questions

A
  1. Therapy/prevention (drug/technique/material)
  2. Aetiology/harm/cause (causation/risk factors)
  3. Diagnosis
  4. Prognosis
  5. Frequency/magnitude (distribution)
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9
Q

Describe “therapy” type questions

A

• About an intervention/ treatment/ test that can bring a better outcome

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10
Q

Describe “aetiology” type questions

A

• Identification of causes and risk factors of disease/ clinical outcome

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11
Q

Describe “diagnosis” type questions

A

• Questions about choosing diagnostic tests, checking the accuracy of diagnostic tests

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12
Q

Describe “prognosis” type questions

A
  • Anticipate the likely clinical course/ complications of a patient/ future health of a patient
  • Can be about complications, survival recovery, recurrence
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13
Q

Describe “frequency/ magnitude” type questions

A
  • How many people have the disease
  • How many people will get the disease
  • What is the knowledge/ attitude of a given population on the subject
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14
Q

Identify best and feasible study designs to answer THERAPY clinical questions

A

• Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)

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15
Q

Identify best and feasible study designs to answer AETIOLOGY clinical questions

A

• Prospective cohort studies

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16
Q

Identify best and feasible study designs to answer DIAGNOSIS clinical questions

A
  • Prospective cohort studies

* Cross- sectional study (screening patients at a given point in time)

17
Q

Identify best and feasible study designs to answer PROGNOSIS clinical questions

A

• Prospective cohort study

18
Q

Identify best and feasible study designs to answer FREQUENCY/MAGNITUDE clinical questions

A
  • Cross- sectional study: Prevalence

* Prospective cohort study: Incidence

19
Q

Differentiate primary and secondary research articles

A
  • Primary: Related to a single study (RCT, cross-sectional, case control
  • Secondary (reviews): includes multiple studies where research papers are summarised. May/may not include meta-analysis
20
Q

Understand what a systematic review is

A
  • Is a summary of several studies addressing a defined question
  • In clinical evidence, systematic review refers to systematic review of RCT, because most of the time we have therapy questions
21
Q

Understand what a meta- analysis is

A
  • They summarise the information in the article AND conduct a statistical analysis by summarising results
  • They summarizes the results of several studies in a single weighted estimate
22
Q

What is the hierarchy of evidence?

A
  • Systemic reviews and meta-analysis
  • Randomised control trials
  • Prospective and retrospective cohort studies
  • Case- control studies
  • Case series/ reports

Year 2 Sem 1 Evidence Based Practice (5 decks)

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