ASK

Question 1

what study should be used for prevention?

Answer 1

RCTs

Question 2

what study should be used for screening? (is detecting early helpful)

Answer 2

RCTs

Question 3

what study should be used for dx accuracy? (how good the test is at detecting)

Answer 3

RCTs

Cohorts

Question 4

what test should be used for prognosis?

Answer 4

Cohort

Question 5

what test should be used for incidence? (new dx within a time period)

Answer 5

Cohort

Question 6

What test should be used for prevalence? (what proportion has the disease)

Answer 6

Cohort

Cross Sectional

Question 7

what test should be used for etiology?

Answer 7

Cohort

Question 8

what test should be used for therapy?

Answer 8

RCTs

Question 9

what test should be used for t harm?

Answer 9

RCTs, Cohort, Case Control

Question 10

What are the components of a PICO question?

Answer 10

population
intervention
comparison
outcome

Question 11

_____ drugs have toxicities

Answer 11

ALL

Question 12

the early approval of drugs can lead to _____

Answer 12

unknown harms and benefits

because only a limited amount is known about drugs when they are approved

Question 13

what is absolute risk?

Answer 13

risk of an outcome given a treatment (26 pts had a stroke out of 1,299 patients getting a placebo - total trial was 2586)

the number of events (good or bad) in treated or control groups, divided by the number of people in that group

Question 14

what is the absolute risk difference/reduction?

Answer 14

subtracting 2 absolute risks
drug A has a risk of 1% and Drug B has a risk of 3% - the risk difference is 2%

ARR (absolute risk reduction) = ARC – ART

Question 15

what is the relative risk / risk ratio?

Answer 15

dividing the 2 absolute risks

RR (relative risk) = ART / ARC

Question 16

describe the levels of relative risk / risk ratio

Answer 16

ratio = 1 = no difference
ratio <1 = less risk
ratio >1 = more risky

Question 17

what is the relative risk reduction?

Answer 17

RRR (relative risk reduction) = (ARC – ART) / ARC

Question 18

what is an example of an experimental study design?

Answer 18

RCT

Question 19

what is an example of an observational study design?

Answer 19

Cross sectional
cohort
case control

Question 20

if the exposure and outcome are tested simultaneously, what study is used?

Answer 20

Cross sectional

Question 21

if the exposure comes first, what study is used?

Answer 21

cohort

Question 22

if the outcome comes first, what study is used?

Answer 22

case control