APPRAISE

Question 1

what is innumeracy?

Answer 1

an inability to deal comfortably with fundamental notions of number and chance

Question 2

what numbers are most easily understood by patients?

Answer 2

56 in 1,000

natural frequency numbers

Question 3

what is the framing effect?

Answer 3

the presentation and context of info given affects how it is received

saying 34 in 100 will survive
saying 66 in 100 will die

Question 4

what is absolute risk?

Answer 4

the risk of getting a certain condition or experiencing a certain outcome - compared to the total group

new drug has an absolute risk of 1%
control drug has an absolute risk of 3%

Question 5

what is relative risk/risk ratio?

Answer 5

comparison of 2 absolute risks by turning them into a ratio

risk of an event occurring in the treatment group divided by the risk of an event occuring in the control group

new drug has an absolute risk of 1%
control drug has an absolute risk of 3%

0.01/0.03 = 0.33

Question 6

What is absolute risk reduction?

Answer 6

subtracting the absolute risks from both groups

1% - 3% = 2%

Question 7

what is relative risk reduction?

Answer 7

dividing the absolute risk reduction (2%) by the risk of the control group (3%)

0.66 = 66% relative risk reduction

Question 8

what is an odds?

Answer 8

number with event/number without an event in one group

EXPRESSED AS DECIMAL

240 total in a group
60 had memory problems
180 did not.

odds radio is 60/180 = 1/3

Question 9

what questions should be asked in oder to interpret a statistic?

Answer 9

who says so
how do they know
what is missing
did someone change the subject
does it make sense

Question 10

describe the discovery phase of drug development

Answer 10

molecular development and research

Question 11

describe the pre-clinical phase of drug development

Answer 11

lab and animal testing

Question 12

describe the application phase of drug development

Answer 12

apply to FDA for human studies

Question 13

describe the phase 1 trials in drug development

Answer 13

safety and dosage study, max tolerated, minimum effective - small number of patients

Question 14

describe the phase 2 trials in drug development

Answer 14

first look at safety and efficacy - larger group with further assessment of safety and efficacy

Question 15

describe the phase 3 in drug development

Answer 15

very large RCT to compare treatment to control/placebo

Question 16

describe the phase 4 in drug development

Answer 16

post marketing studies by companies and FDA to refine and use in real-world clinical settings

Question 17

what is an odds ratio?

Answer 17

odds of an event in the exposed group / odds of an event in the unexposed group

Question 18

what factors can overtake good evidence?

Answer 18

speed
profit
expedience

Question 19

what are the 4 principles of medical ethics?

Answer 19

respect for autonomy - a person’s right for self-determination and informed consent

beneficence - benefit

nonmaleficence

justice