Asian Regionalism Flashcards
a group of countries in the same geographically specified area (Southeast Asia)
region
is the “societal integration and the often undirected process of social and economic interaction (Grouping)
regionalization
which is “the formal process of intergovernmental collaboration between two or more states (ASEAN)
regionalism
the set of conscious activities carried out by states within a region to cooperate while regionalization is a less conscious process which is the outcome of these states policies.
regionalism
the rapid expansion and intensification of social relations across world time and space (Steger, 2013)
globalization
latter part of globalization
regionalization
Core claims
* Deregulation of markets
* Liberalization of trade
* Privatization of state-owned enterprises
globalization
Asia Pacific & South Asia:
Northeast Asia, SEA, Pacific Islands, South Asia
Diversity: Most progressive
most progressive: South Korea,
Japan, Singapore;
most poor in asia
Cambodia, Laos, Nepal
most populated in asia
China and India
World’s smallest
Bhutan and Maldives
- 1/3 of the world’s land mass
- 2/3 of the global population
- Largest share of global GDP (35%); USA 23%; Europe 28%
- Over 1/3 of world’s exports
- Prevalence of poverty, HIV/AIDS, gender inequality and other socio econ problems
ASIA
US strategy: committing more resources and attention to the region
Pacific Pivot(Asia Rebalance)
- Advantages and disadvantages of colonial rule
- Colonized Asian countries
- Non colonized Asian countries
- Case of Japan
- Case of Thailand
Colonial rule and dominance
Century when movements for nationalism and independence emerged
19th and 20th
- Influenced by external forces
- Case of Japan and US
World War II
- Japan, Korea and Taiwan (1980s and 1990s)
- Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam (late 1980s and 1990s)
- SEA tigers: reliance on infusion of foreign capital
Adoption of export-oriented growth
- The cornerstone of economic liberalization and globalization in post war global economy
- Case of Indonesia: Suharto regime and its story
- Case of Thailand: export oriented growth
- Case of Philippines: cozy relationship with F. Marcos
IMF and WB (Bretton Wood System)
- Root cause: Poor policies, weak government, corruption, poor institutions; inadequate liberalization
- Globalization played a role in the 1997 crisis
- Showed how deeply integrated the economy was in the global financial system
Asian Financial Crisis
- Rise of China: Deng Xiaoping 1970s: economic reform – liberalization of the economy: Experienced high level of growth and became more integrated into the global economy
- Rise of India: Liberalized their economy in 1991; increased trades and FDI in textile and service sector
Liberalization of Economy
- Temporary and part time employment
- Informal employment: self employment, family workers, informal enterprise workers
- Underemployment: Philippines 18% of work force; Indonesia = 25% of work force
- No legal contracts
- Poor working conditions and safety issues at factories that manufacture goods for Western companies
Effects on Employment Practices
There was a substantial fall in authoritarian regime; rise in democratic regime
* Due to:
* Rising middle classes
* More globally connected world
* End of Cold War
* Fall of Suharto in May 1998
Effects on Politics (Asian Regionalism, Externalist View)
Globalization is a form of cultural westernization called McWorld(Barber, Bejamin)
Influence on Culture (externalist view)
- Globalization is leading to cultural homogenization and destruction of cultural diversity
- Increase in number of McDonald stores in Asia
- Rise of domestic fastfood chains
- Rapid expansion of supermarkets
Influence on Culture (Externalist View)
- Asia have been increasingly westernized
- Wheat replaced rice as staple food
- McDonaldization(George Ritzer)
- MTV-ization
- Hollywoodization
Influence on Diets (Externalist View)
- Spice trade
- Early modern world economy: central was Asia
- Colonialism: influenced the colonizers as well
- Rise of Japan on procurement of raw materials
- Rise of China: producer and consumer
Asia as a Springboard (Generative View)
- Rise of India
* on IT / software development
* Global service provider: outsourcing and offshoring - International migrant labor
- Remittance from migrant workers (Ph = 11% of the Ph economy)
Asia as a Springboard (generative view)
- Rise of regional free trade arrangements
- Open regionalism(free trade among members)- ASEAN Free Trade Area and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)
- Asian Products in Global Market
Asia as a Spring Board (Generative View)
Japan’s colonization of the region in 1930s and 40s – East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
Region as an alternative to globalization
- to reach consensus on national goals with the democratic framework to take the middle path to exercise tolerance and sensitivity towards others
- Contrast to Western values: every individual can do what he likes, free from any restraint by government;
- Asians respect hard work, thrift, authority; community over the individual
- Operates based on harmony and consensus rather than on majority rule
Asian way (the region as an alternative to globalization)
- Regional arrangements
- Asian Monetary Fund (no USA)
- Regional terror network (JI –Jemaah Islamiyah)
- Local movements that emerged
* Santi Suk in Thailand: created its own currency
* Japan: Community Supported Agriculture an Seikatsu Club (encouraged to buy locally and ethically)
Region as an alternative to globalization
- Santi Suk in Thailand: created its own currency
- Japan: Community Supported Agriculture an Seikatsu Club (encouraged to buy locally and ethically)
Local movements that emerged (region as an alternative to globalization)
6 regions of Asia
- northern asia
- central asia
- eastern asia
- southern china
- western asia
- south-east asia
China
Japan
South Korea
North Korea
Mongolia
Taiwan
East Asia
Brunei
Cambodia
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar (Burma)
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Southeast Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
South Asia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Central Asia
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
Western Asia (Middle East)
