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FUNDAMENTALS IN NURSING LEC > Asepsis and Infection Control > Flashcards

Asepsis and Infection Control Flashcards

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1
Q

__________ are directly involved in providing
a biologically safe environment.

A

Nurses

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2
Q

freedom from disease-causing
microorganisms

A

Asepsis

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3
Q

TWO TYPES OF ASEPSIS

A

Medical Asepsis/clean technique
Surgical asepsis/aseptic technique

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4
Q

all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to an
area.

A

Medical Asepsis/clean technique

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5
Q

practices that keep an area or object free from all microorganism

A

Surgical asepsis/aseptic technique

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6
Q

state of infection and can take
many forms, including septic shock.

A

Sepsis

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7
Q

I. Types of microorganisms
that cause infections

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Fungi
  4. Parasites
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8
Q

The most-common infection-causing microorganism.

  • Can be transported
    through air, water, food,
    soil, body tissues and
    fluids, and inanimate
    objects.
A

BACTERIA

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9
Q

✗Consist primarily of nucleic acid
✗ Must enter living cells in order to reproduce.

Common examples:
- Rhinovirus (colds)
- Hepatitis
- Herpes
- HIV
- SARS-CoV-2

A

VIRUSES

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10
Q

✗ Yeasts and molds

A

FUNGI

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11
Q

yeast considered to be normal
flora in the human vagina.

A

Candida albicans

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12
Q

✗ Live on other living organisms.
✗ Protozoas

Examples:
- Malaria
- Helminths (worms)
- Anthropods (mites, fleas, ticks)

A

PARASITES

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13
Q

II. TYPES OF INFECTIONS

microorganisms invades body part where the host’s defense
mechanisms are ineffective; pathogens causes tissue damage

A

Local
Systemic
Acute
Chronic

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14
Q

Infection limited to a specific part of the body

A

Local

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15
Q

Infection that microorganism spread and damage different body
parts

A

Systemic

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16
Q

Infection that is sudden and last a short time.

A

Acute

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17
Q

Infection that is slowly and may last months or years.

A

Chronic

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18
Q

Infection where blood is positive of microorgnism.

A

Bacteremia

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19
Q

Infection where bacteremia results in systemic infection. `

A

Septicemia

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20
Q

III. HEALTH-CARE ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS

A

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
IATROGENIC INFECTION

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21
Q

✗ Associated with the deliver of
health care services in a health care facility.

Common microorganisms:
- Escherichia coli
- Staphylococcus aureus
- enterococci

A

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

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22
Q

2 TYPES OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

A

Endogenous or exogenous

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23
Q

✗ Direct result of
diagnostic or therapeutic infections.

Common example: IV
infiltration or
extravasation

A

IATROGENIC INFECTION

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24
Q

True or False?
NOT ALL NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTIONS ARE IATROGENIC,
NOR ARE ALL NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTIONS PREVENTABLE.

A

TRUE

25
Q

IV. CHAIN OF INFECTION

A

Etiologic Agent
Reservoir
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host

26
Q

Method of Transmission
Three mechanisms:

A
  1. Direct Transmission
  2. Indirect Transmission
    a. Vehicle-born transmission
    b. Vector-borne transmission
  3. Airborne Transmission
27
Q
  • Immediate and direct
    transfer; or if the
    source and host are 3
    feet of each other
  • touching, biting,
    kissing, sexual
    intercourse
  • Sneezing, coughing,
    spitting, talking
A

Direct Transmission

28
Q

vehicle-born or
vector-borne

A

Indirect Transmission

29
Q

Droplets or dust containing infectious agents that is transmitted in the air/remain in the air for long periods

A

Airborne Transmission

30
Q

___________ substance that
serves as an intermediate
means to transport
/introduce an infectious
agent.

A

Vehicle-borne: Vehicle

31
Q

__________ animal or insect
that serves as an
intermediate means to
transport an infectious
agent.

A

Vector-borne: Vector

32
Q

inanimate objects/materials

A

Fomite

33
Q

V. BODY DEFENSES AGAINST
INFECTION

A
  1. Nonspecific Defenses
    a. Anatomic and Physiologic Barriers
    b. Inflammatory Response
  2. Specific Defenses
    a. Antibody-mediated Defenses
    b. Cell-mediated Defenses
34
Q

Nonspecific defenses:

  • Intact skin and mucous membranes
  • Nasal passages: cilia
  • Body orifice: saliva
  • Eye: tears
  • Stomach: high acidity
  • Vagina: Lactobacilli
A

Anatomic and Physiologic Barriers

35
Q

Nonspecific defenses

defensive response of the
tissues to an injurious or
infectious agent

A

Inflammatory Response: Inflammation

36
Q

5 signs of inflammatory response:

A
  1. Pain
  2. Swelling
  3. Redness
  4. Heat
  5. Impaired function of
    the part, if severe.
37
Q

SPECIFIC DEFENSE

Antibodies/Immunoglobulins
- part of body’s plasma proteins.
- major types: active and passive

A

Antibody-Mediated Defenses

38
Q

part of body’s plasma proteins

A

Antibodies/Immunoglobulins

39
Q

Antibodies/Immunoglobulins
2 major types:

A

active and passive

40
Q

Host produces antibodies in
response to artificial antigens
(vaccines) or natural antigens
(infectious microorganisms)

A

Active Immunity

41
Q
  • Acquired
  • The host receives natural
    (e.g., from a nursing
    mother) or artificial (e.g.,
    from an immune serum)
    antibodies produced by
    another source.
A

Passive Immunity

42
Q

SPECIFIC DEFENSE

  • lymphoid tissues release large numbers of activated T cells into the lymph system.
  • these T cells pass into the general circulation.
A

Cell-mediated defenses/cellular immunity

43
Q

VI. FACTORS INCREASING
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION

A
  1. Age
  2. Heredity
  3. Level of Stress
  4. Nutritional Status
  5. Current medical therapy
  6. Preexisting medical process
44
Q
  • newborns and older
    adults have reduced defenses
    against infection.
A

Age

45
Q
  • some people have
    genetic susceptibility to certain
    infections
A

Heredity

46
Q
  • stress elevates blood
    cortisone decreases anti
    -inflammatory responses.
A

Level of Stress

47
Q
  • antibodies are proteins;
    Therefore, the body needs enough
    protein to boost immune system.
A

Nutritional Status

48
Q
  • e.g., radiation treatment, medications, procedures which penetrate sterile body cavities/require the skin to be cut
A

Current medical therapy

49
Q
  • e.g., Cancer, Diabetes Mellitus, Aplastic Anemia, Chronic Pulmonary Disease
A

Preexisting medical process

50
Q

DISINFECTING AND STERILIZING
__________ – used on skin or tissue

A

Antiseptic

51
Q

DISINFECTING AND STERILIZING
__________ – used on inanimate objects

A

Disinfectant

52
Q

Antiseptic and Disinfectant
Both have __________ and __________ properties.

A

bacteriostatic and bactericidal

53
Q

DISINFECTING AND STERILIZING
destroys all microorganisms

A

Sterilization

54
Q

Methods of Sterilization

A

✗ Moist Heat
✗ Gas
✗ Boiling Water
✗ Radiation

55
Q

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

A

✗ Gloves
✗ Gowns
✗ Mask
✗ Eyewear

56
Q

TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION

  • Private room that has
    a negative pressure;
    room with another
    client infected with
    the same
    microorganism
  • N95 respirator
  • surgical mask on the
    patient during
    transport
A

Airborne Precaution

57
Q

TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION

  • Private room; room
    with another client
    infected with the
    same microorganism
  • mask if working
    within 3 feet
  • surgical mask on the
    patient during
    transport
A

Droplet Precaution

58
Q

TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION

  • Private room; room
    with another client
    infected with the
    same microorganism
  • gloves; gown if with
    possibility of contact
    with infected surfaces
A

Contact Precaution

FUNDAMENTALS IN NURSING LEC (4 decks)

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