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Fundamentals of Nursing (LEC) > Asepsis and Infection Control > Flashcards

Asepsis and Infection Control Flashcards

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1
Q

The collective vegetation in a
given area

A

Resident Flora

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2
Q

is a normal inhabitant of the large intestine but a common cause of infection of the urinary tract

A

Escherichia coli

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3
Q

commonly referred to as E. coli

A

Escherichia coli

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4
Q

Examples of common resident microorganisms in the Skin

A

Staphylococcus Epidermidis
Staphylococcus Aureus
Propionibacterium Acnes
Corynebacterium Xerosis
Pityrosporum Ovale

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5
Q

Examples of common resident microorganisms in the Nasal Passages

A

Staphylococcus Aureus
Staphylococcus Epidermis

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6
Q

Examples of common resident microorganisms in the Oropharynx/Mouth

A

Staphylococcus Pneumonae
Staphylococcus Mutans
Lactobacillus
Bacteroides
Actinomyces

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7
Q

A detectable alteration in
normal tissue function,
however, is called…

A

Disease

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8
Q

is the growth of
microorganisms in body tissue
where they are not usually
found.

A

Infection

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9
Q

Another term for the growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not usually found

A

infectious agent.

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10
Q

If the microorganism produces
no clinical evidence of disease,
the infection is called…

A

asymptomatic or subclinical.

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11
Q

Common resident microorganisms in the intestine

A

Bacteroides, Fusobacterium,
Eubacterium Lactobacillus,
Streptococcus Enterobacteriaceae,
Shigella, Escherichia coli

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12
Q

Common resident microorganisms in the Urethral Orifices

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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13
Q

Common resident microorganisms in Lower Urethra

A

Proteus

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14
Q

Common resident microorganisms in the Vagina

A

Lactobacillus, Bacteroides,
Clostridium, Candida Albicans

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15
Q

the ability of the
microorganism to produce
disease, the severity of the
diseases they produce and
their degree of communicability

A

Virulence

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16
Q

the ability to produce disease; thus, a
pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease

A

Pathogenicity

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17
Q

a condition resulting from an
infectious agent that is
transmitted to an individual
by direct or indirect contact
or as an airborne infectio

A

Communicable disease

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18
Q

causes disease only in a
susceptible individual.

A

Opportunistic Pathogen

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19
Q

The freedom from
disease-causing
microorganisms.

A

Asepsis

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20
Q

To decrease the
possibility of transferring
microorganisms from one
place to another, an
aseptic technique is used

A

Asepsis

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21
Q

2 TYPES OF
ASEPSIS

A

Medical Asepsis
Surgical Asepsis

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22
Q

Another term for Surgical Asepsis

A

Sterile Technique

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23
Q

Referred to as “Clean Technique”

A

Medical Asepsis

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24
Q

Used in administration of Medications, edemas, Tube feedings and Daily Hygiene

A

Medical Asepsis

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25
Q

Used in dressing changes, cauterizations and surgical procedures

A

Surgical Asepsis

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26
Q

includes all practices intended to
confine a specific microorganism
to a specific area, limiting the
number, growth, and
transmission of microorganisms.

A

Medical Asepsis

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27
Q

objects are referred to as clean, which
means the absence of almost all
microorganisms, or dirty (soiled,
contaminated), which means
likely to have microorganisms,
some of which may be capable
of causing infection.

A

Medical Asepsis

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28
Q

Refers to those practices
that keep an area or object
free of all microorganisms;
it includes practices that
destroy all microorganisms
and spores (microscopic
dormant structures formed
by some pathogens that are
very hardy and often survive
common cleaning
techniques).

A

Surgical Asepsis

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29
Q

is used for all procedures involving the
sterile areas of the body

A

Surgical Asepsis

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30
Q

Occurs when chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight an infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body

A

Sepsis

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31
Q

Four Major Categories of Microorganisms

A

Bacteria
Virus
Protozoa
Fungus

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32
Q

Types of Infection

A

Local Infection
Systemic Infection
Bacteremia

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33
Q

What Type of Infection is limited to the specific part of the body where the
microorganisms remain

A

Local Infection

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34
Q

What Type of Infection where microorganisms spread
and damage different parts of
the body

A

Systemic Infection

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35
Q

What Type of Infection when a culture of the individual’s blood reveals microorganisms

A

Bacteremia

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36
Q

What Type of Infection is a bacteremia that resulted from a systemic infection

A

Septicemia

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37
Q

What type of Infection that may occur slowly, over a very long period, and may last months or years

A

Chronic Infection

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38
Q

What type of Infection that appear suddenly or last a short time

A

Acute Infection

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39
Q

classified as infections that
originate in the hospital

A

Nosocomial Infections

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40
Q

What type of Nosocomial infection that can originate from the clients
themselves

A

Endogenous source

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41
Q

What type of Nosocomial infection came from the hospital
environment and hospital
personnel

A

Exogenous sources

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42
Q

Chain of Infection

A

Germs
Where Germs Live
How Germs Get Out
How Germs Get Around
How Germs Get In
Next Sick Person

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43
Q

Types of Method of Transmission

A

Direct Transmission
Indirect Transmission

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44
Q

Types of Indirect Transmission

A

Vehicle-borne transmission, Vector-borne transmission, Airborne transmission

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45
Q

What type of Method of Transmission involves the immediate and direct
transfer of microorganisms from
individual to individual through
touching, biting, kissing, or sexual
intercourse

A

Direct Transmission

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46
Q

is also a form of direct transmission but can occur only if the source and the host are within 1 m (3 ft) of each other.

A

Droplet Spread

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47
Q

is any substance that serves as an
intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry.

A

Vehicle

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48
Q

Inanimate materials or objects

A

Fomites

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49
Q

is an animal or flying or
crawling insect that serves as an
intermediate means of
transporting the infectious agent.

A

Vector

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50
Q

may occur by injecting salivary fluid during biting or by depositing feces or
other materials on the skin
through the bite wound or a
traumatized skin area.

A

Transmission

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51
Q

A type of Indirect transmission that may involve dust or droplets

A

Airborne Transmission

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52
Q

the residue of evaporated droplets emitted by an infected host such as someone with tuberculosis, can remain in the air for long periods.

A

Droplet nuclei

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53
Q

The material is transmitted by air
currents to a suitable portal of entry,
usually the respiratory tract, of another
individual.

A

Airborne Transmission

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54
Q

NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES

A

Anatomic and Physiologic Barriers
Inflammatory Response

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55
Q

Anatomic and Physiologic Barriers

A

Lungs
Phagocytes
Oral cavity
Saliva
Eye
GI tract
large intestine
Vagina
Urethra

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56
Q

It is an adaptive mechanism that
destroys or dilutes the injurious agent,
prevents further spread of the injury,
and promotes the repair of damaged
tissue.

A

Inflammatory Response

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57
Q

is a local and nonspecific defensive response of the tissues to an injurious or infectious agent.

A

Inflammation

58
Q

Inflammatory Response is characterized by five signs

A

pain
swelling
redness
heat
impaired function of the part,

59
Q

Commonly, words with the suffix ( _ )
describe an inflammatory process.

A

itis

60
Q

means inflammation of the appendix

A

Appendicitis

61
Q

means inflammation of the stomach

A

Gastritis

62
Q

Categories of Injurious Agents

A

Physical Agents
Chemical Agents
Microorganism

63
Q

A type of Injurious Agent that include mechanical objects causing
trauma to tissues, excessive heat or cold, and radiation.

A

Physical Agents

64
Q

A type of Injurious Agent that include external irritants (e.g., strong acids, alkalis, poisons, and irritating gases)
and internal irritants (substances manufactured within the body such as excessive hydrochloric acid
in the stomach).

A

Chemical Agents

65
Q

A Type of Injurious Agent that include the broad groups of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

A

Microorganism

66
Q

commonly referred to as
the three stages of the inflammatory response:

A

A series of dynamic events

67
Q

three stages of the inflammatory response

A

First stage: vascular and cellular responses
Second stage: exudate production
Third stage: reparative phase.

68
Q

What stage in the inflammatory response are the vascular and cellular responses

A

First stage

69
Q

What stage in the inflammatory response is exudate production

A

Second stage

70
Q

What stage in the inflammatory response is reparative phase.

A

Third Stage

71
Q

What are the two responses gained from the Pathophysiological Map when the Cell is injured

A

Vascular Response
Cellular Response

72
Q

Inflammatory exudes what?

A

Fluid exudate
Cell exudate

73
Q

is produced, consisting
of fluid that escaped from the
blood vessels, dead phagocytic
cells, and dead tissue cells and
products that they release.

A

Exudate

74
Q

the fluid produced by a wound as it heals, and it is normal part of the healing process

A

Exudate

75
Q

What forms an interlacing
network to wall off an area and
prevent spread of the injurious
agent.

A

The plasma protein fibrinogen and platelets

76
Q

During this stage, the injurious
agent is overcome, and the
exudate is cleared away by
lymphatic drainage

A

Exudate Production

77
Q

involves the repair of injured
tissues by regeneration or
replacement with fibrous
tissue (scar) formation.

A

Reparative Phase

78
Q

is the replacement of destroyed
tissue cells by cells that are
identical or similar in
structure and function.

A

Regeneration

79
Q

Defenses of the body that involves the immune system

A

Specific defenses

80
Q

is a substance that
induces a state of sensitivity or
immune responsiveness (immunity).

A

Antigen

81
Q

If the proteins originate in an
individual’s own body, the antigen is
called an

A

Autoantigen

82
Q

2 components of the Immune Response

A

Antibody Mediated Defenses
Cell Mediated Defenses

83
Q

immunity because these defenses reside ultimately in the B lymphocytes and are mediated by antibodies produced by B cells.

A

Humoral (or circulating)

84
Q

also called immunoglobulins, are part of the body’s plasma proteins.

A

Antibodies,

85
Q

The antibody-mediated responses
defend primarily against the…

A

extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections.

86
Q

2 Major Types of Immunity

A

Active Immunity
Passive Immunity

87
Q

are activated in response to natural
antigens (infectious microorganisms) or artificial antigens (vaccines)

A

B Cells

88
Q

five classes of immunoglobulins designated by letters

A

IgM, IgG, IgA,
IgD, and IgE.

89
Q

Class of immunoglobulin that indicates current infection

A

IgM

90
Q

Antibodies indicate past infection and
subsequent immunity

A

IgG

91
Q

the host receives natural
(e.g., from a nursing mother) or artificial (e.g., from an injection of immune serum) antibodies
produced by another source

A

Acquired immunity,

92
Q

Type of Active Immunity that are Antibodies that are formed in the presence of active infection in the body

A

Natural

93
Q

Type of Active Immunity that are Antigens (vaccines or toxoids) that are administered to stimulate antibody production

A

Artificial

94
Q

A type of Immunity that are produced by the body in response
to an antigen

A

Active

95
Q

A type of Immunity that are produced by the body in response
to an antigen

A

Passive (Acquired)

96
Q

Type of Passive Immunity that are Antibodies that are formed in the presence of active infection in the body

A

Natural

97
Q

Type of Passive immunity that are an Immune serum (antibody) from an animal or another human is injected

A

Artificial

98
Q

Occur through the T-cell system.

A

Cell-Mediated Defenses

99
Q

Cellular Immunity is its other name

A

Cell-Mediated Defenses

100
Q

On exposure to an antigen, the lymphoid tissues release large numbers of activated T cells into
the lymph system.

A

Cell-Mediated Defenses

101
Q

Three main group of T-Cells

A

Helper T-Cell
Cytotoxic T Cells
Suppressor T Cells

102
Q

A type of T-Cell that help in the functions of the immune system

A

Helper T-Cell

103
Q

A type of T-Cell that which attack and kill microorganisms and sometimes the
body’s own cells; and

A

Cytotoxic T Cells

104
Q

A type of T-Cell that suppress the
functions of the helper T cells and the
cytotoxic T cells.

A

Suppressor T Cells

105
Q

Factors Increasing Susceptibility of an Infection

A

Age
Heredity
Level of Stress
Nutritional Status
Current Medical Therapy
Pre-existing Disease Process

106
Q

In Physical Assessment, what is the sneezing, watery or mucoid discharge
from the nose, and nasal stuffiness that commonly occur?

A

Infection of the Nose and the Sinuses

107
Q

In Physical Assessment, what are the urinary frequency and cloudy or discolored urine?

A

Urinary Infection

108
Q

In Physical Assessment, what are the localized swelling, localized redness,
pain or tenderness with palpation and movement, palpable heat at the
infected area, loss of function of the body part affected?

A

The skin and mucous membranes

109
Q

What may exude drainage of various colors

A

Open Wounds

110
Q

What includes the Signs of systemic infection?

A
  • Fever
  • Increased pulse and respiratory
    rate if the fever is high
  • Malaise and loss of energy
  • Anorexia and, in some situations,
    nausea and vomiting
  • Enlargement and tenderness of
    lymph nodes that drain the area of
    infection
111
Q

Type of Exudates

A

Serous
Serosanguineous
Sanguineous
Purulent

112
Q

What is the indicative of Exudates?

A

Damage to Capillaries

113
Q

What type of Exudate that is Clear, thin & Watery?

A

Serous

114
Q

What type of Exudate that is Thin and Watery with light red or pink hue?

A

Serosanguineous

115
Q

What type of Exudate that is Bright red and fresh blood?

A

Sanguineous

116
Q

What type of Exudate that is Thick, Opaque & Odorous?

A

Purulent

117
Q

Laboratory data that may indicate the presence of an infection
include the following:

A

-Elevated Leukocyte
-Increases in specific types of leukocytes
-Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein blood tests.
-Urine, blood, sputum, or other drainage cultures
-Elevated serum lactate.

118
Q

(white blood cell [WBC]) count (4500 to 11,000>mL3 is normal).

A

Elevated leukocyte

119
Q

Both test values increase in the presence of an inflammatory process.

A

Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein blood tests.

120
Q

This diagnosis emphasizes the potential for infection and the need for preventive measures.

A

Risk for Infection

121
Q

This diagnosis focuses on comfort measures and symptom
management.

A

Altered Comfort

122
Q

This diagnosis addresses the patient’s coping abilities.

A

Ineffective Coping

123
Q

Major Goals in Planning

A
  • Maintain or restore defenses
  • Avoid the spread of infectious
    organisms
  • Reduce or alleviate problems
    associated with the infection
124
Q

Health Teaching Plans for the Client and Family

A

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
INFECTION PREVENTION
INFECTION CONTROL
WOUND CARE

125
Q

Preventive Healthcare-Associated Infections

A

Hand Hygiene
Disinfecting and Sterilizing

126
Q

is a chemical preparation used on skin or tissue.

A

antiseptic

127
Q

is a chemical preparation, such as phenol or iodine compounds, used on inanimate objects

A

disinfectant

128
Q

preparation destroys
bacteria

A

Bactericidal

129
Q

preparation prevents
the growth and
reproduction of
some bacteria.

A

Bacteriostatic

130
Q

is a process that destroys all
microorganisms, including spores and
viruses.

A

Sterilization

131
Q

Four commonly used methods of
sterilization

A

moist heat, gas, boiling
water, and radiation.

132
Q

steam under pressure is used because it attains temperatures higher than the boiling point

A

Moist Heat

133
Q

destroys microorganisms by interfering
with their metabolic processes.

A

Ethylene oxide

134
Q

This is the most practical and
inexpensive method for sterilizing
in the home.

A

Boiling Water

135
Q

Both ionizing (such as alpha, beta, and x-rays) and nonionizing (ultraviolet light) radiation are used for disinfection
and sterilization.

A

Radiation

136
Q

are used in any situations involving blood; all body
fluids, excretions, and secretions except sweat;
nonintact skin; and mucous membranes (whether or not
blood is present or visible).

A

Standard Precaution or
Universal Precaution

137
Q

RECOMMENDED INFECTION PRECAUTIONS IN HOSPITALS

A

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
TRANSMISSION-BASED
PRECAUTIONS
Airborne Precautions
Droplet Precautions
Contact Precautions

138
Q

used in addition to standard precautions for
clients with known or suspected infections that
are spread in one of three ways:

A
  • by airborne
  • By droplet transmission,
  • by contact
139
Q

refers to measures designed to
prevent the spread of infections or
potentially infectious microorganisms to health personnel, clients, and visitors.

A

Isolation

140
Q

use seven categories: strict isolation, contact isolation, respiratory
isolation, tuberculosis isolation, enteric precautions, drainage and
secretions precautions, and blood and body fluid precautions.

A

Category-specific isolation precautions

141
Q

These precautions delineate
use of private rooms with special ventilation, having the client share a
room with other clients infected with the same organism, and gowning to
prevent gross soilage of clothes for specific infectious diseases.

A

Disease-specific isolation precautions

Fundamentals of Nursing (LEC) (3 decks)

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