Asepsis and Infection Control Flashcards
1
Q
The collective vegetation in a
given area
A
Resident Flora
2
Q
is a normal inhabitant of the large intestine but a common cause of infection of the urinary tract
A
Escherichia coli
3
Q
commonly referred to as E. coli
A
Escherichia coli
4
Q
Examples of common resident microorganisms in the Skin
A
Staphylococcus Epidermidis
Staphylococcus Aureus
Propionibacterium Acnes
Corynebacterium Xerosis
Pityrosporum Ovale
5
Q
Examples of common resident microorganisms in the Nasal Passages
A
Staphylococcus Aureus
Staphylococcus Epidermis
6
Q
Examples of common resident microorganisms in the Oropharynx/Mouth
A
Staphylococcus Pneumonae
Staphylococcus Mutans
Lactobacillus
Bacteroides
Actinomyces
7
Q
A detectable alteration in
normal tissue function,
however, is called…
A
Disease
8
Q
is the growth of
microorganisms in body tissue
where they are not usually
found.
A
Infection
9
Q
Another term for the growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not usually found
A
infectious agent.
10
Q
If the microorganism produces
no clinical evidence of disease,
the infection is called…
A
asymptomatic or subclinical.
11
Q
Common resident microorganisms in the intestine
A
Bacteroides, Fusobacterium,
Eubacterium Lactobacillus,
Streptococcus Enterobacteriaceae,
Shigella, Escherichia coli
12
Q
Common resident microorganisms in the Urethral Orifices
A
Staphylococcus epidermidis
13
Q
Common resident microorganisms in Lower Urethra
A
Proteus
14
Q
Common resident microorganisms in the Vagina
A
Lactobacillus, Bacteroides,
Clostridium, Candida Albicans
15
Q
the ability of the
microorganism to produce
disease, the severity of the
diseases they produce and
their degree of communicability
A
Virulence
16
Q
the ability to produce disease; thus, a
pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease
A
Pathogenicity
17
Q
a condition resulting from an
infectious agent that is
transmitted to an individual
by direct or indirect contact
or as an airborne infectio
A
Communicable disease
18
Q
causes disease only in a
susceptible individual.
A
Opportunistic Pathogen
19
Q
The freedom from
disease-causing
microorganisms.
A
Asepsis
20
Q
To decrease the
possibility of transferring
microorganisms from one
place to another, an
aseptic technique is used
A
Asepsis
21
Q
2 TYPES OF
ASEPSIS
A
Medical Asepsis
Surgical Asepsis
22
Q
Another term for Surgical Asepsis
A
Sterile Technique
23
Q
Referred to as “Clean Technique”
A
Medical Asepsis
24
Q
Used in administration of Medications, edemas, Tube feedings and Daily Hygiene
A
Medical Asepsis
25
Used in dressing changes, cauterizations and surgical procedures
Surgical Asepsis
26
includes all practices intended to
confine a specific microorganism
to a specific area, limiting the
number, growth, and
transmission of microorganisms.
Medical Asepsis
27
objects are referred to as clean, which
means the absence of almost all
microorganisms, or dirty (soiled,
contaminated), which means
likely to have microorganisms,
some of which may be capable
of causing infection.
Medical Asepsis
28
Refers to those practices
that keep an area or object
free of all microorganisms;
it includes practices that
destroy all microorganisms
and spores (microscopic
dormant structures formed
by some pathogens that are
very hardy and often survive
common cleaning
techniques).
Surgical Asepsis
29
is used for all procedures involving the
sterile areas of the body
Surgical Asepsis
30
Occurs when chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight an infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body
Sepsis
31
Four Major Categories of Microorganisms
Bacteria
Virus
Protozoa
Fungus
32
Types of Infection
Local Infection
Systemic Infection
Bacteremia
33
What Type of Infection is limited to the specific part of the body where the
microorganisms remain
Local Infection
34
What Type of Infection where microorganisms spread
and damage different parts of
the body
Systemic Infection
35
What Type of Infection when a culture of the individual’s blood reveals microorganisms
Bacteremia
36
What Type of Infection is a bacteremia that resulted from a systemic infection
Septicemia
37
What type of Infection that may occur slowly, over a very long period, and may last months or years
Chronic Infection
38
What type of Infection that appear suddenly or last a short time
Acute Infection
39
classified as infections that
originate in the hospital
Nosocomial Infections
40
What type of Nosocomial infection that can originate from the clients
themselves
Endogenous source
41
What type of Nosocomial infection came from the hospital
environment and hospital
personnel
Exogenous sources
42
Chain of Infection
Germs
Where Germs Live
How Germs Get Out
How Germs Get Around
How Germs Get In
Next Sick Person
43
Types of Method of Transmission
Direct Transmission
Indirect Transmission
44
Types of Indirect Transmission
Vehicle-borne transmission, Vector-borne transmission, Airborne transmission
45
What type of Method of Transmission involves the immediate and direct
transfer of microorganisms from
individual to individual through
touching, biting, kissing, or sexual
intercourse
Direct Transmission
46
is also a form of direct transmission but can occur only if the source and the host are within 1 m (3 ft) of each other.
Droplet Spread
47
is any substance that serves as an
intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry.
Vehicle
48
Inanimate materials or objects
Fomites
49
is an animal or flying or
crawling insect that serves as an
intermediate means of
transporting the infectious agent.
Vector
50
may occur by injecting salivary fluid during biting or by depositing feces or
other materials on the skin
through the bite wound or a
traumatized skin area.
Transmission
51
A type of Indirect transmission that may involve dust or droplets
Airborne Transmission
52
the residue of evaporated droplets emitted by an infected host such as someone with tuberculosis, can remain in the air for long periods.
Droplet nuclei
53
The material is transmitted by air
currents to a suitable portal of entry,
usually the respiratory tract, of another
individual.
Airborne Transmission
54
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES
Anatomic and Physiologic Barriers
Inflammatory Response
55
Anatomic and Physiologic Barriers
Lungs
Phagocytes
Oral cavity
Saliva
Eye
GI tract
large intestine
Vagina
Urethra
56
It is an adaptive mechanism that
destroys or dilutes the injurious agent,
prevents further spread of the injury,
and promotes the repair of damaged
tissue.
Inflammatory Response
57
is a local and nonspecific defensive response of the tissues to an injurious or infectious agent.
Inflammation
58
Inflammatory Response is characterized by five signs
pain
swelling
redness
heat
impaired function of the part,
59
Commonly, words with the suffix ( _ )
describe an inflammatory process.
itis
60
means inflammation of the appendix
Appendicitis
61
means inflammation of the stomach
Gastritis
62
Categories of Injurious Agents
Physical Agents
Chemical Agents
Microorganism
63
A type of Injurious Agent that include mechanical objects causing
trauma to tissues, excessive heat or cold, and radiation.
Physical Agents
64
A type of Injurious Agent that include external irritants (e.g., strong acids, alkalis, poisons, and irritating gases)
and internal irritants (substances manufactured within the body such as excessive hydrochloric acid
in the stomach).
Chemical Agents
65
A Type of Injurious Agent that include the broad groups of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Microorganism
66
commonly referred to as
the three stages of the inflammatory response:
A series of dynamic events
67
three stages of the inflammatory response
First stage: vascular and cellular responses
Second stage: exudate production
Third stage: reparative phase.
68
What stage in the inflammatory response are the vascular and cellular responses
First stage
69
What stage in the inflammatory response is exudate production
Second stage
70
What stage in the inflammatory response is reparative phase.
Third Stage
71
What are the two responses gained from the Pathophysiological Map when the Cell is injured
Vascular Response
Cellular Response
72
Inflammatory exudes what?
Fluid exudate
Cell exudate
73
is produced, consisting
of fluid that escaped from the
blood vessels, dead phagocytic
cells, and dead tissue cells and
products that they release.
Exudate
74
the fluid produced by a wound as it heals, and it is normal part of the healing process
Exudate
75
What forms an interlacing
network to wall off an area and
prevent spread of the injurious
agent.
The plasma protein fibrinogen and platelets
76
During this stage, the injurious
agent is overcome, and the
exudate is cleared away by
lymphatic drainage
Exudate Production
77
involves the repair of injured
tissues by regeneration or
replacement with fibrous
tissue (scar) formation.
Reparative Phase
78
is the replacement of destroyed
tissue cells by cells that are
identical or similar in
structure and function.
Regeneration
79
Defenses of the body that involves the immune system
Specific defenses
80
is a substance that
induces a state of sensitivity or
immune responsiveness (immunity).
Antigen
81
If the proteins originate in an
individual’s own body, the antigen is
called an
Autoantigen
82
2 components of the Immune Response
Antibody Mediated Defenses
Cell Mediated Defenses
83
immunity because these defenses reside ultimately in the B lymphocytes and are mediated by antibodies produced by B cells.
Humoral (or circulating)
84
also called immunoglobulins, are part of the body’s plasma proteins.
Antibodies,
85
The antibody-mediated responses
defend primarily against the...
extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections.
86
2 Major Types of Immunity
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
87
are activated in response to natural
antigens (infectious microorganisms) or artificial antigens (vaccines)
B Cells
88
five classes of immunoglobulins designated by letters
IgM, IgG, IgA,
IgD, and IgE.
89
Class of immunoglobulin that indicates current infection
IgM
90
Antibodies indicate past infection and
subsequent immunity
IgG
91
the host receives natural
(e.g., from a nursing mother) or artificial (e.g., from an injection of immune serum) antibodies
produced by another source
Acquired immunity,
92
Type of Active Immunity that are Antibodies that are formed in the presence of active infection in the body
Natural
93
Type of Active Immunity that are Antigens (vaccines or toxoids) that are administered to stimulate antibody production
Artificial
94
A type of Immunity that are produced by the body in response
to an antigen
Active
95
A type of Immunity that are produced by the body in response
to an antigen
Passive (Acquired)
96
Type of Passive Immunity that are Antibodies that are formed in the presence of active infection in the body
Natural
97
Type of Passive immunity that are an Immune serum (antibody) from an animal or another human is injected
Artificial
98
Occur through the T-cell system.
Cell-Mediated Defenses
99
Cellular Immunity is its other name
Cell-Mediated Defenses
100
On exposure to an antigen, the lymphoid tissues release large numbers of activated T cells into
the lymph system.
Cell-Mediated Defenses
101
Three main group of T-Cells
Helper T-Cell
Cytotoxic T Cells
Suppressor T Cells
102
A type of T-Cell that help in the functions of the immune system
Helper T-Cell
103
A type of T-Cell that which attack and kill microorganisms and sometimes the
body’s own cells; and
Cytotoxic T Cells
104
A type of T-Cell that suppress the
functions of the helper T cells and the
cytotoxic T cells.
Suppressor T Cells
105
Factors Increasing Susceptibility of an Infection
Age
Heredity
Level of Stress
Nutritional Status
Current Medical Therapy
Pre-existing Disease Process
106
In Physical Assessment, what is the sneezing, watery or mucoid discharge
from the nose, and nasal stuffiness that commonly occur?
Infection of the Nose and the Sinuses
107
In Physical Assessment, what are the urinary frequency and cloudy or discolored urine?
Urinary Infection
108
In Physical Assessment, what are the localized swelling, localized redness,
pain or tenderness with palpation and movement, palpable heat at the
infected area, loss of function of the body part affected?
The skin and mucous membranes
109
What may exude drainage of various colors
Open Wounds
110
What includes the Signs of systemic infection?
* Fever
* Increased pulse and respiratory
rate if the fever is high
* Malaise and loss of energy
* Anorexia and, in some situations,
nausea and vomiting
* Enlargement and tenderness of
lymph nodes that drain the area of
infection
111
Type of Exudates
Serous
Serosanguineous
Sanguineous
Purulent
112
What is the indicative of Exudates?
Damage to Capillaries
113
What type of Exudate that is Clear, thin & Watery?
Serous
114
What type of Exudate that is Thin and Watery with light red or pink hue?
Serosanguineous
115
What type of Exudate that is Bright red and fresh blood?
Sanguineous
116
What type of Exudate that is Thick, Opaque & Odorous?
Purulent
117
Laboratory data that may indicate the presence of an infection
include the following:
-Elevated Leukocyte
-Increases in specific types of leukocytes
-Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein blood tests.
-Urine, blood, sputum, or other drainage cultures
-Elevated serum lactate.
118
(white blood cell [WBC]) count (4500 to 11,000>mL3 is normal).
Elevated leukocyte
119
Both test values increase in the presence of an inflammatory process.
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein blood tests.
120
This diagnosis emphasizes the potential for infection and the need for preventive measures.
Risk for Infection
121
This diagnosis focuses on comfort measures and symptom
management.
Altered Comfort
122
This diagnosis addresses the patient's coping abilities.
Ineffective Coping
123
Major Goals in Planning
* Maintain or restore defenses
* Avoid the spread of infectious
organisms
* Reduce or alleviate problems
associated with the infection
124
Health Teaching Plans for the Client and Family
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
INFECTION PREVENTION
INFECTION CONTROL
WOUND CARE
125
Preventive Healthcare-Associated Infections
Hand Hygiene
Disinfecting and Sterilizing
126
is a chemical preparation used on skin or tissue.
antiseptic
127
is a chemical preparation, such as phenol or iodine compounds, used on inanimate objects
disinfectant
128
preparation destroys
bacteria
Bactericidal
129
preparation prevents
the growth and
reproduction of
some bacteria.
Bacteriostatic
130
is a process that destroys all
microorganisms, including spores and
viruses.
Sterilization
131
Four commonly used methods of
sterilization
moist heat, gas, boiling
water, and radiation.
132
steam under pressure is used because it attains temperatures higher than the boiling point
Moist Heat
133
destroys microorganisms by interfering
with their metabolic processes.
Ethylene oxide
134
This is the most practical and
inexpensive method for sterilizing
in the home.
Boiling Water
135
Both ionizing (such as alpha, beta, and x-rays) and nonionizing (ultraviolet light) radiation are used for disinfection
and sterilization.
Radiation
136
are used in any situations involving blood; all body
fluids, excretions, and secretions except sweat;
nonintact skin; and mucous membranes (whether or not
blood is present or visible).
Standard Precaution or
Universal Precaution
137
RECOMMENDED INFECTION PRECAUTIONS IN HOSPITALS
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
TRANSMISSION-BASED
PRECAUTIONS
Airborne Precautions
Droplet Precautions
Contact Precautions
138
used in addition to standard precautions for
clients with known or suspected infections that
are spread in one of three ways:
* by airborne
* By droplet transmission,
* by contact
139
refers to measures designed to
prevent the spread of infections or
potentially infectious microorganisms to health personnel, clients, and visitors.
Isolation
140
use seven categories: strict isolation, contact isolation, respiratory
isolation, tuberculosis isolation, enteric precautions, drainage and
secretions precautions, and blood and body fluid precautions.
Category-specific isolation precautions
141
These precautions delineate
use of private rooms with special ventilation, having the client share a
room with other clients infected with the same organism, and gowning to
prevent gross soilage of clothes for specific infectious diseases.
Disease-specific isolation precautions
