Asepsis and Infection Control Flashcards
The collective vegetation in a
given area
Resident Flora
is a normal inhabitant of the large intestine but a common cause of infection of the urinary tract
Escherichia coli
commonly referred to as E. coli
Escherichia coli
Examples of common resident microorganisms in the Skin
Staphylococcus Epidermidis
Staphylococcus Aureus
Propionibacterium Acnes
Corynebacterium Xerosis
Pityrosporum Ovale
Examples of common resident microorganisms in the Nasal Passages
Staphylococcus Aureus
Staphylococcus Epidermis
Examples of common resident microorganisms in the Oropharynx/Mouth
Staphylococcus Pneumonae
Staphylococcus Mutans
Lactobacillus
Bacteroides
Actinomyces
A detectable alteration in
normal tissue function,
however, is called…
Disease
is the growth of
microorganisms in body tissue
where they are not usually
found.
Infection
Another term for the growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not usually found
infectious agent.
If the microorganism produces
no clinical evidence of disease,
the infection is called…
asymptomatic or subclinical.
Common resident microorganisms in the intestine
Bacteroides, Fusobacterium,
Eubacterium Lactobacillus,
Streptococcus Enterobacteriaceae,
Shigella, Escherichia coli
Common resident microorganisms in the Urethral Orifices
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Common resident microorganisms in Lower Urethra
Proteus
Common resident microorganisms in the Vagina
Lactobacillus, Bacteroides,
Clostridium, Candida Albicans
the ability of the
microorganism to produce
disease, the severity of the
diseases they produce and
their degree of communicability
Virulence
the ability to produce disease; thus, a
pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease
Pathogenicity
a condition resulting from an
infectious agent that is
transmitted to an individual
by direct or indirect contact
or as an airborne infectio
Communicable disease
causes disease only in a
susceptible individual.
Opportunistic Pathogen
The freedom from
disease-causing
microorganisms.
Asepsis
To decrease the
possibility of transferring
microorganisms from one
place to another, an
aseptic technique is used
Asepsis
2 TYPES OF
ASEPSIS
Medical Asepsis
Surgical Asepsis
Another term for Surgical Asepsis
Sterile Technique
Referred to as “Clean Technique”
Medical Asepsis
Used in administration of Medications, edemas, Tube feedings and Daily Hygiene
Medical Asepsis
Used in dressing changes, cauterizations and surgical procedures
Surgical Asepsis
includes all practices intended to
confine a specific microorganism
to a specific area, limiting the
number, growth, and
transmission of microorganisms.
Medical Asepsis
objects are referred to as clean, which
means the absence of almost all
microorganisms, or dirty (soiled,
contaminated), which means
likely to have microorganisms,
some of which may be capable
of causing infection.
Medical Asepsis
Refers to those practices
that keep an area or object
free of all microorganisms;
it includes practices that
destroy all microorganisms
and spores (microscopic
dormant structures formed
by some pathogens that are
very hardy and often survive
common cleaning
techniques).
Surgical Asepsis
is used for all procedures involving the
sterile areas of the body
Surgical Asepsis
Occurs when chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight an infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body
Sepsis
Four Major Categories of Microorganisms
Bacteria
Virus
Protozoa
Fungus
Types of Infection
Local Infection
Systemic Infection
Bacteremia
What Type of Infection is limited to the specific part of the body where the
microorganisms remain
Local Infection
What Type of Infection where microorganisms spread
and damage different parts of
the body
Systemic Infection
What Type of Infection when a culture of the individual’s blood reveals microorganisms
Bacteremia
What Type of Infection is a bacteremia that resulted from a systemic infection
Septicemia
What type of Infection that may occur slowly, over a very long period, and may last months or years
Chronic Infection
What type of Infection that appear suddenly or last a short time
Acute Infection
classified as infections that
originate in the hospital
Nosocomial Infections
What type of Nosocomial infection that can originate from the clients
themselves
Endogenous source
What type of Nosocomial infection came from the hospital
environment and hospital
personnel
Exogenous sources
Chain of Infection
Germs
Where Germs Live
How Germs Get Out
How Germs Get Around
How Germs Get In
Next Sick Person
Types of Method of Transmission
Direct Transmission
Indirect Transmission
Types of Indirect Transmission
Vehicle-borne transmission, Vector-borne transmission, Airborne transmission
What type of Method of Transmission involves the immediate and direct
transfer of microorganisms from
individual to individual through
touching, biting, kissing, or sexual
intercourse
Direct Transmission
is also a form of direct transmission but can occur only if the source and the host are within 1 m (3 ft) of each other.
Droplet Spread
is any substance that serves as an
intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry.
Vehicle
Inanimate materials or objects
Fomites
is an animal or flying or
crawling insect that serves as an
intermediate means of
transporting the infectious agent.
Vector
may occur by injecting salivary fluid during biting or by depositing feces or
other materials on the skin
through the bite wound or a
traumatized skin area.
Transmission
A type of Indirect transmission that may involve dust or droplets
Airborne Transmission
the residue of evaporated droplets emitted by an infected host such as someone with tuberculosis, can remain in the air for long periods.
Droplet nuclei
The material is transmitted by air
currents to a suitable portal of entry,
usually the respiratory tract, of another
individual.
Airborne Transmission
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES
Anatomic and Physiologic Barriers
Inflammatory Response
Anatomic and Physiologic Barriers
Lungs
Phagocytes
Oral cavity
Saliva
Eye
GI tract
large intestine
Vagina
Urethra
It is an adaptive mechanism that
destroys or dilutes the injurious agent,
prevents further spread of the injury,
and promotes the repair of damaged
tissue.
Inflammatory Response
is a local and nonspecific defensive response of the tissues to an injurious or infectious agent.
Inflammation
Inflammatory Response is characterized by five signs
pain
swelling
redness
heat
impaired function of the part,
Commonly, words with the suffix ( _ )
describe an inflammatory process.
itis
means inflammation of the appendix
Appendicitis
means inflammation of the stomach
Gastritis
Categories of Injurious Agents
Physical Agents
Chemical Agents
Microorganism
A type of Injurious Agent that include mechanical objects causing
trauma to tissues, excessive heat or cold, and radiation.
Physical Agents
A type of Injurious Agent that include external irritants (e.g., strong acids, alkalis, poisons, and irritating gases)
and internal irritants (substances manufactured within the body such as excessive hydrochloric acid
in the stomach).
Chemical Agents
A Type of Injurious Agent that include the broad groups of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Microorganism
commonly referred to as
the three stages of the inflammatory response:
A series of dynamic events
three stages of the inflammatory response
First stage: vascular and cellular responses
Second stage: exudate production
Third stage: reparative phase.
What stage in the inflammatory response are the vascular and cellular responses
First stage
What stage in the inflammatory response is exudate production
Second stage
What stage in the inflammatory response is reparative phase.
Third Stage
What are the two responses gained from the Pathophysiological Map when the Cell is injured
Vascular Response
Cellular Response
Inflammatory exudes what?
Fluid exudate
Cell exudate
is produced, consisting
of fluid that escaped from the
blood vessels, dead phagocytic
cells, and dead tissue cells and
products that they release.
Exudate
the fluid produced by a wound as it heals, and it is normal part of the healing process
Exudate
What forms an interlacing
network to wall off an area and
prevent spread of the injurious
agent.
The plasma protein fibrinogen and platelets
During this stage, the injurious
agent is overcome, and the
exudate is cleared away by
lymphatic drainage
Exudate Production
involves the repair of injured
tissues by regeneration or
replacement with fibrous
tissue (scar) formation.
Reparative Phase
is the replacement of destroyed
tissue cells by cells that are
identical or similar in
structure and function.
Regeneration
Defenses of the body that involves the immune system
Specific defenses
is a substance that
induces a state of sensitivity or
immune responsiveness (immunity).
Antigen
If the proteins originate in an
individual’s own body, the antigen is
called an
Autoantigen
2 components of the Immune Response
Antibody Mediated Defenses
Cell Mediated Defenses
immunity because these defenses reside ultimately in the B lymphocytes and are mediated by antibodies produced by B cells.
Humoral (or circulating)
also called immunoglobulins, are part of the body’s plasma proteins.
Antibodies,
The antibody-mediated responses
defend primarily against the…
extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections.
2 Major Types of Immunity
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
are activated in response to natural
antigens (infectious microorganisms) or artificial antigens (vaccines)
B Cells
five classes of immunoglobulins designated by letters
IgM, IgG, IgA,
IgD, and IgE.
Class of immunoglobulin that indicates current infection
IgM
Antibodies indicate past infection and
subsequent immunity
IgG
the host receives natural
(e.g., from a nursing mother) or artificial (e.g., from an injection of immune serum) antibodies
produced by another source
Acquired immunity,
Type of Active Immunity that are Antibodies that are formed in the presence of active infection in the body
Natural
Type of Active Immunity that are Antigens (vaccines or toxoids) that are administered to stimulate antibody production
Artificial
A type of Immunity that are produced by the body in response
to an antigen
Active
A type of Immunity that are produced by the body in response
to an antigen
Passive (Acquired)
Type of Passive Immunity that are Antibodies that are formed in the presence of active infection in the body
Natural
Type of Passive immunity that are an Immune serum (antibody) from an animal or another human is injected
Artificial
Occur through the T-cell system.
Cell-Mediated Defenses
Cellular Immunity is its other name
Cell-Mediated Defenses
On exposure to an antigen, the lymphoid tissues release large numbers of activated T cells into
the lymph system.
Cell-Mediated Defenses
Three main group of T-Cells
Helper T-Cell
Cytotoxic T Cells
Suppressor T Cells
A type of T-Cell that help in the functions of the immune system
Helper T-Cell
A type of T-Cell that which attack and kill microorganisms and sometimes the
body’s own cells; and
Cytotoxic T Cells
A type of T-Cell that suppress the
functions of the helper T cells and the
cytotoxic T cells.
Suppressor T Cells
Factors Increasing Susceptibility of an Infection
Age
Heredity
Level of Stress
Nutritional Status
Current Medical Therapy
Pre-existing Disease Process
In Physical Assessment, what is the sneezing, watery or mucoid discharge
from the nose, and nasal stuffiness that commonly occur?
Infection of the Nose and the Sinuses
In Physical Assessment, what are the urinary frequency and cloudy or discolored urine?
Urinary Infection
In Physical Assessment, what are the localized swelling, localized redness,
pain or tenderness with palpation and movement, palpable heat at the
infected area, loss of function of the body part affected?
The skin and mucous membranes
What may exude drainage of various colors
Open Wounds
What includes the Signs of systemic infection?
- Fever
- Increased pulse and respiratory
rate if the fever is high - Malaise and loss of energy
- Anorexia and, in some situations,
nausea and vomiting - Enlargement and tenderness of
lymph nodes that drain the area of
infection
Type of Exudates
Serous
Serosanguineous
Sanguineous
Purulent
What is the indicative of Exudates?
Damage to Capillaries
What type of Exudate that is Clear, thin & Watery?
Serous
What type of Exudate that is Thin and Watery with light red or pink hue?
Serosanguineous
What type of Exudate that is Bright red and fresh blood?
Sanguineous
What type of Exudate that is Thick, Opaque & Odorous?
Purulent
Laboratory data that may indicate the presence of an infection
include the following:
-Elevated Leukocyte
-Increases in specific types of leukocytes
-Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein blood tests.
-Urine, blood, sputum, or other drainage cultures
-Elevated serum lactate.
(white blood cell [WBC]) count (4500 to 11,000>mL3 is normal).
Elevated leukocyte
Both test values increase in the presence of an inflammatory process.
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein blood tests.
This diagnosis emphasizes the potential for infection and the need for preventive measures.
Risk for Infection
This diagnosis focuses on comfort measures and symptom
management.
Altered Comfort
This diagnosis addresses the patient’s coping abilities.
Ineffective Coping
Major Goals in Planning
- Maintain or restore defenses
- Avoid the spread of infectious
organisms - Reduce or alleviate problems
associated with the infection
Health Teaching Plans for the Client and Family
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
INFECTION PREVENTION
INFECTION CONTROL
WOUND CARE
Preventive Healthcare-Associated Infections
Hand Hygiene
Disinfecting and Sterilizing
is a chemical preparation used on skin or tissue.
antiseptic
is a chemical preparation, such as phenol or iodine compounds, used on inanimate objects
disinfectant
preparation destroys
bacteria
Bactericidal
preparation prevents
the growth and
reproduction of
some bacteria.
Bacteriostatic
is a process that destroys all
microorganisms, including spores and
viruses.
Sterilization
Four commonly used methods of
sterilization
moist heat, gas, boiling
water, and radiation.
steam under pressure is used because it attains temperatures higher than the boiling point
Moist Heat
destroys microorganisms by interfering
with their metabolic processes.
Ethylene oxide
This is the most practical and
inexpensive method for sterilizing
in the home.
Boiling Water
Both ionizing (such as alpha, beta, and x-rays) and nonionizing (ultraviolet light) radiation are used for disinfection
and sterilization.
Radiation
are used in any situations involving blood; all body
fluids, excretions, and secretions except sweat;
nonintact skin; and mucous membranes (whether or not
blood is present or visible).
Standard Precaution or
Universal Precaution
RECOMMENDED INFECTION PRECAUTIONS IN HOSPITALS
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
TRANSMISSION-BASED
PRECAUTIONS
Airborne Precautions
Droplet Precautions
Contact Precautions
used in addition to standard precautions for
clients with known or suspected infections that
are spread in one of three ways:
- by airborne
- By droplet transmission,
- by contact
refers to measures designed to
prevent the spread of infections or
potentially infectious microorganisms to health personnel, clients, and visitors.
Isolation
use seven categories: strict isolation, contact isolation, respiratory
isolation, tuberculosis isolation, enteric precautions, drainage and
secretions precautions, and blood and body fluid precautions.
Category-specific isolation precautions
These precautions delineate
use of private rooms with special ventilation, having the client share a
room with other clients infected with the same organism, and gowning to
prevent gross soilage of clothes for specific infectious diseases.
Disease-specific isolation precautions
