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Concepts Exam 1 > Asepsis > Flashcards

Asepsis Flashcards

1
Q

What is a host?

A

Living being where an infectious, parasitic, or pathogenic agent resides and receives sustenance

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2
Q

Are all microorganisms harmful?

A

No, it depends on the type organism, its location, the host, and the circumstances.

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3
Q

Define antimicrobials

A

Drugs that treat infections by killing or slowing the growth of microbes causing infection…. bacterial infections are treated with drugs called antibiotics

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4
Q

Differences between antibiotics and anti microbial

A

Anti-microbials include antifungals and drugs that treat parasites and viruses

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5
Q

Common examples of bacteria that cause diseases

A

E. coli

Enterococcus

Pseudomonas

Staph

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6
Q

Common virus that cause infection

A

Hep B

HIV

Common cold

West Nile

Zika

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7
Q

Common fungi that caused infections

A

Yeast and molds

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8
Q

Types of parasites that causes infections

A

Tick and malaria

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9
Q

Define infection

A

A disease state that results from the presence of pathogens (which are disease producing microorganisms) in or on the body

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10
Q

What are the components of the infection cycle?

A

Infectious agent: bacteria, viruses, fungi

Reservoir: natural habitat of the organism

Portal of exit: point of escape for the organism

Means of transmission: direct contact, indirect contact, airborne route

Portal of entry: point at which organisms enter a new host

Susceptible host: must overcome resistance

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11
Q

What are the different shapes of bacteria?

A

Spherical (cocci)

Rod shaped (bacilli)

Corkscrew (spirochetes)

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12
Q

Define gram positive?

A

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall that resist decolorization and are stained purple

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13
Q

Define gram-negative

A

Gram-negative bacteria have chemically more complex cell walls, and can be decolorized by alcohol. Thus gram-negative bacteria do not stain.

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14
Q

What are aerobic and anaerobic bacteria?

A

Aerobic bacteria require oxygen to live and grow

Anaerobic bacteria can live without oxygen

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15
Q

What is the smallest of all microorganisms?

A

A virus. They are only visible with an electron microscope.

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16
Q

What are some infections caused by fungi?

A

Athletes foot, ringworms, and yeast infections

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17
Q

An organisms potential to produce disease in a person depends on a variety of factors including:

A

Number of organisms

Virulence of the organism or it’s ability to cause disease

Competence of the persons immune system

Length and extent of the contact between the person and the microorganism

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18
Q

What are possible reservoirs that support organisms pathogenic to humans?

A

People, animals, soil, food, water, milk, inanimate objects

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19
Q

What are carriers?

A

Some people who act as reservoirs for an infectious agent, demonstrate signs and symptoms of a disease. Other people act as reservoirs for the infectious agent, but do not exhibit any manifestations of the disease. These people are considered carriers. Carriers, although asymptomatic, can transmit the disease.

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20
Q

What is the portal of exit?

A

The portal of exit is the portal of escape for the organism from the reservoir. The organism cannot exert its influence, unless it moves away from its original reservoir.

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21
Q

What is direct contact?

A

Requires close proximity between the susceptible host and an infected person or carrier

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22
Q

What is an indirect contact?

A

Involved personal contact with either

1) a vector, which is a living creature that transmits an infectious agent to a human, usually an insect

2) and inanimate objects, called a fomite, such as equipment or countertops

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23
Q

Difference between airborne and droplet transmission

A

Droplet transmission is similar to airborne transmission. However, airborne particles are smaller than 5 µm, and droplets are greater than 5 µm.

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24
Q

What are the stages and infection progresses through?

A

Incubation

Prodromal stage

Full (active) stage of illness

Convalescent period

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25
Q

Who are the most immuno compromised?

A

Very young infants

Elderly

HIV patients

Those receiving chemo

Transplant patients

Diabetics

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26
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

The incubation period is the interval between the pathogens invasion of the body and the appearance of symptoms and infection. During this stage, the organisms are growing and multiplying.

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27
Q

What is the prodromal stage?

A

A person is most infectious during the prodromal stage. Early signs and symptoms of disease are present, but these are often vague, and non-specific. During this phase, the patient often is unaware of being contagious.

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28
Q

What is the full stage of illness

A

The presence of infection.

29
Q

What are systemic symptoms?

A

Symptoms manifested throughout the entire body

30
Q

What are localized symptoms?

A

Symptoms that are limited or occur in only one body area

31
Q

What is the convalescent period?

A

Involves the recovery from the infection. The signs and symptoms disappear.

32
Q

What is the inflammatory response?

A

The inflammatory response is a protective mechanism. Inflammation helps the body neutralize, control, or eliminate the offending agent, and prepare the site for repair.

33
Q

When does the inflammatory response occur?

A

Infection and in response to injury. And it is either acute or chronic.

34
Q

What are the Hallmark signs of acute infection?

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

35
Q

What are the two phases of the inflammatory response?

A

The vascular and cellular phases

36
Q

What is the vascular phase?

A

In the vascular phase, small blood vessels, constrict in the area, followed by vasodilation of arterioles and venules that supply that area. This increase in blood flow results in redness and heat in the area. Histamine is released, leading to an increased permeability of vessels, which allows protein rich fluid into the area. At this point, swelling, pain, and loss of function can occur.

37
Q

What is the cellular stage?

A

White blood cells (leukocytes) move quickly into the area. Neutrophils, the primary phagocytes engulfs the organism and consume cell debris and foreign material.

38
Q

What is the immune response?

A

Another protective mechanism. The complex mechanisms that constitute the immune response occur as the body attempts to protect and defend itself.

The foreign material is called an antigen, and the body commonly responds to the antigen by producing an antibody.

39
Q

What is another type of immune response?

A

Cell mediated immunity. This type of immunity involves an increase in the number of lymphocytes that destroy or react with cells the body recognizes as harmful.

40
Q

What are factors affecting risk for infection?

A

Intact skin

Normal pH levels

Bodies white blood cells

Age, sex, and hereditary factors

Immunization, natural or acquired

Fatigue, climate, nutritional and general health status

Stress

Use of invasive, or indwelling medical devices

41
Q

What are age related changes for pulmonary infections?

A

Decreased cough reflex

Decreased elastic recoil of lungs

Decreased activity of cilia

Abnormal swallowing reflexes

42
Q

What are nursing strategies for pulmonary infections?

A

Place patient in sitting position to eat or drink

Encourage patient to drink plenty of fluids, unless contraindicated

Encourage patient to cough and deep breaths, or use spirometer

43
Q

What are age related changes to urinary tract infections?

A

Incomplete emptying of bladder

Decreased sphincter control

Bladder outlet obstruction due to enlarge prostate gland

Pelvic floor relaxation due to estrogen depletion

Reduced renal blood flow

44
Q

What are nursing strategies for UTI?

A

Discuss with patient need to void at regular intervals

Encourage patient to drink plenty of fluids, unless contraindicated

Administer meds for enlarged prostate (BPH) and estrogen depletion as prescribed

If patient wears absorbent product such as incontinence pad, instruct patient to change pad frequently and perform good perineal care

45
Q

What are age related changes for skin infections?

A

Loss of elasticity

Increased dryness

Thinning of epidermidis

Slowing of cell replacement

Decreased vascular supply

46
Q

Nursing strategies for skin infections

A

Encourage patient to drink plenty of fluids, unless contraindicated

Help patient to perform good hygiene practices daily

Apply lotion to skin as needed

Assess frequently for any breaks in skin integrity, rashes, or changes in skin

47
Q

What is asepsis

A

Includes all activities to prevent infections or break the chain of infection. There are two asepsis categories: medical asepsis, and surgical asepsis

48
Q

What is medical asepsis

A

Also known as clean technique, involves procedures, and practices that reduce the number and transfer of pathogens. Medical procedures include performing hand hygiene, and wearing gloves.

49
Q

What is surgical asepsis?

A

Also known as sterile technique includes practices, used to render and keep objects and areas from microorganisms. Surgical asepsis procedures include inserting an urinary catheter or inserting an IV catheter

50
Q

What are some clinical situations where an alcohol based hand rub is used to clean hands

A

Before direct contact with patients

After direct contact with patient skin

After contact with bodily fluids, mucus membranes, non-intact skin, and wound dressings, if hands are not visibly soiled

After removing gloves

After contact with objects (including equipment) located in patients environment

Before donning sterile gloves

51
Q

What is an exogenous infection?

A

When the causative organism is acquired from other people

52
Q

What is an endogenous infection?

A

Occurs when the causative organism comes from microbial life in the same person.

53
Q

What is an iatrogenic infection

A

When it results from a treatment or diagnostic procedure

54
Q

What are standard precautions?

A

Precautions used in the care of all hospitalized patients, regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status

55
Q

What is transmission based precautions?

A

Precautions used in addition to standard precautions for patients in hospitals with suspected infection with pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes.

56
Q

Why do HAIs happen?

A

Poor infection control

During surgery

Use of invasive medical devices

Poor medical asepsis

57
Q

What does a SERIOUS infection look like?

A

Sepsis/shock - organ failure, low temp and BP, elevated RR, decrease urine output

58
Q

What are the 5 moments of hand hygiene?

A

Before touching a patient

Before clean/aseptic procedure

After body fluid exposure risk

After touching a patient

After touching patient surroundings

59
Q

Some examples of contact precautions (diseases)

A

MRSA

VRE

VRSA

Hep A

C Diff (hand wash with soap!)

60
Q

PPE for contact isolation

A

Gloves, gown

Place before entering and remove before leaving

61
Q

Examples of droplet disease

A

Mumps, flu, adenovirus

62
Q

PPE for droplet isolation

A

Mask, eye protection, gloves, transport client with mask

Hand sanitizer in and out

63
Q

Some examples of airborne disease

A

TB

Measles

Chickenpox

64
Q

PPE used for airborne transmission

A

N95, gloves, gown, googles/face shield

Transport patient with mask

Hand sanitizer in and out

Patient will be in negative pressure room

65
Q

What does donning PPE mean?

A

Putting it on

66
Q

What is the order to put on PPE

A

Hand hygiene

Gown

Mask

Goggles/face shield

Gloves

67
Q

What is doffing PPE mean?

A

Taking it off

68
Q

Correct order to take off PPE?

A

Gloves

Face shield

Gown

Mask

Hand hygiene

69
Q

When is hand washing preferred over alcohol rubs?

A

When hands are visibly soiled

Hands are contaminated with blood or body fluids

Before eating and after using the wash room

If exposed to certain organisms like c diff, anthrax or Nora virus

Concepts Exam 1 (7 decks)

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