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Geology AS > AS Minerals > Flashcards

AS Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Mineral

A

a naturally occurring chemical substance having a definite composition and crystalline substance.

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2
Q

Rock

A

an aggregate or mixture of one or more minerals.

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3
Q

Sublimation

A

the transition of a substance directly from the gas phase to the solid phase, or the reverse, without passing through the intermediate liquid phase.

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4
Q

Lustre

A

the surface appearance of a mineral, as it interacts with light.

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5
Q

Crystal

A

a solid with the plane faces formed when atoms are arranged in a structurally ordered pattern.

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6
Q

Glass

A

an amorphous solid with no crystalline structure.

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7
Q

Grain boundary

A

the line of contact between mineral crystals in a rock.

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8
Q

Cations

A

atoms that have lost electrons leaving them with a net positive charge.

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9
Q

Anions

A

atoms that have gained electrons leaving them with a net negative charge.

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10
Q

Covalent bond

A

formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms.

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11
Q

Tetrahedron

A

a solid contained by four triangular plane faces.

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12
Q

Solid solution

A

describes two end member crystals with defined compositions, within which one or more types of atoms may be substituted for the original atoms in the solid state, without changing the structure and allowing varied compositions between the end members.

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13
Q

Bridging oxygen

A

an oxygen atom shared by two SiO4 tetrahedra in a crystal structure.

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14
Q

Polymers

A

consist of repeating chains of smaller molecules.

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15
Q

Diagenesis

A

includes all processes that occur in sediments at low temperature and pressure at or near the Earth’s surface.

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16
Q

Metamorphism

A

the changing of the rocks in the Earth’s crust by heat and/or pressure and/or volatile content. It is isochemical and occurs in the solid state.

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17
Q

Igneous rock

A

a rock that has crystallised from magma.

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18
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

is formed by the recrystallisation of other rocks in the solid state due to pressure, temperature of both.

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19
Q

Partial melting

A

occurs when only a portion of rock in the lower crust or upper mantle is melted.

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20
Q

Recrystallisation

A

is the solid state process that changes minerals into new crystalline metamorphic minerals.

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21
Q

Crystallisation

A

occurs during the cooling of magma or lava so that solid mineral crystals form.

22
Q

Burial

A

occurs when sediment is covered by younger layers of sediment.

23
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

a rock composed of fragments that have been deposited, compacted and cemented.

24
Q

Clast

A

a fragment of broken rock produced by mechanical weathering and erosion.

25
Q

Magma accumulation

A

is magma collecting within a magma chamber.

26
Q

Intrusions

A

composed of igneous rock formed below the Earth’s surface, where magma is forced into pre-existing rocks.

27
Q

Extrusion

A

the emission of magma onto the Earth’s surface where it forms a lava flow.

28
Q

Foliation

A

is a texture in metamorphic rocks formed by the preferred alignment of flat/tabular minerals.

29
Q

Deposition

A

the laying down of sediment that occurs when a transporting agent loses energy.

30
Q

Weathering

A

the breakdown of rocks in situ.

31
Q

Erosion

A

the removal of weathered material, usually by the physical action of transported fragments.

32
Q

Transport

A

the means by which weathered material is moved from one place to another by water, wind, ice or gravity.

33
Q

Uplift

A

the return of buried rocks to the Earth’s surface by tectonic forces.

34
Q

Streak

A

The colour of the powder left by a mineral on a streak plate

35
Q

Crystal shape

A

Habit

36
Q

Moh’s hardness scale 1

A

Talc

37
Q

Moh’s hardness scale 2

A

Gypsum

38
Q

Moh’s hardness scale 3

A

Calcite

39
Q

Moh’s hardness scale 4

A

Fluorite

40
Q

Moh’s hardness scale 5

A

Apatite

41
Q

Moh’s hardness scale 6

A

Feldspar

42
Q

Moh’s hardness scale 7

A

Quartz

43
Q

Moh’s hardness scale 8

A

Topaz

44
Q

Moh’s hardness scale 9

A

Corundum

45
Q

Moh’s hardness scale 10

A

Diamond

46
Q

Common object scratches hardness 1 and 2

A

Fingernail

47
Q

Common object scratches hardness 3 and below

A

2p coin

48
Q

Common object scratches hardness 4 and 5 and below

A

Steel blade/nail

49
Q

Common object sometimes scratches hardness 6

A

Steel blade/nail

50
Q

Common objects that can be scratched by hardness 7 and above

A

Glass

Geology AS (10 decks)

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