As Mechanisms

Question 1

Haloalkane -> alcohol

Answer 1

Nuc.Subs

• -:OH as nuceophile
• from warm NaOH (aq)
• water solvent
• Reflux

Question 2

Haloalkane -> nitrile

Answer 2

Nucleophilic substitution:
- -:CN as nucleophile
- from warm, ethanolic KCN
- reflux

Question 3

Halogenoalkane -> amine

Answer 3

Nucleophilic substitution:
- :NH3
- warm, ethanolic NH3
- in XS
(No reflux because ammonia would evaporate out condenser when heated!)

Question 4

Haloalkane -> Alkene

Answer 4

Elimination
- -:OH (as a base)
- warm, ethanolic NaOH
- under reflux

Question 5

Alkene -> haloalkane

Answer 5

Electrophilic addition:
- HBr
- 20 Celsius

(More STABLE intermediate = most likely product)

Question 6

Alkene to alcohol:

Answer 6

Electrophilic addition - first step with H2SO4 catalyst (homogeneous catalyst)
- Alkene -> alkyl hydrogen sulphate -> alcohol
- H2SO4 catalyst

Second step to form alcohol = hydrolysis
- cold H20
—> alcohol + H2SO4