AS: Civil Rights Flashcards
Revise for AS exam
1
Q
Name of the World War 2 campaign to fight enemies abroad (Axis powers) and domestically (racism)
A
Double V Campaign
2
Q
Name of black US pilot who flew 149 missions during the last year of World War 2
A
Woodrow Crockett
3
Q
How many planes from black squadrons were shot down during World War 2?
A
0
4
Q
In the South, how much was spent on creating factories to supply the army in World War 2?
A
$4.5b
5
Q
Name of trade unionist who threatened to lead a march on DC since black workers were unable to get jobs
A
A. Philip Randolph
6
Q
Name and date of organisation established by an Executive Order of Roosevelt, which forced war industries not to discriminate in hiring based on ‘race, creed, colour, or natural origin’
A
FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Commission); 1941
7
Q
What percentage of US black population lived in the North in 1940 compared to in 1950?
A
25% v. 33%
8
Q
What areas experienced the majority of black migration during the 1940s?
A
Northern industrial cities
9
Q
By 1945, what percentage of US black population lived in urban areas?
A
48%
10
Q
By 1945, how many Northern states had between 5% and 13% black population (giving them the balance of power in elections if voting in a block)?
A
16
11
Q
Which black politician was elected to Congress in 1943?
A
William L. Dawson
12
Q
Which black politician was elected to Congress in 1945?
A
Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
13
Q
Which black lawyer was made Federal judge in 1949?
A
William H. Hastie
14
Q
What percentage of the Southern black population was registered to vote before the war compared to in 1945?
A
2% v. 15%
15
Q
What was the increase in black college students in the North after World War 2?
A
Threefold
16
Q
What percentage of white men were unemployed in New York after the war, compared to black men?
A
6% v. 10%
17
Q
How many black Americans migrated to the North during World War 2?
A
500k
18
Q
How many black people were unemployed in USA in 1940 compared to in 1945?
A
937k v. 151k
19
Q
Name and date of the wartime riots, which took place in response to racial discrimination in housing, jobs, and police brutality
A
Detroit Race Riots; 1943
20
Q
In the centre of Washington DC, which 3 types of public buildings were black people banned from in 1945?
A
- Cinemas
- Hotels
- Restaurants
21
Q
What percentage of white housing was deemed substandard in Washington DC, compared to black housing?
A
12% v. 40%
22
Q
Who was the first President since Lincoln to commit to a civil rights agenda?
A
Truman
23
Q
Which black diplomat was made US ambassador to the UN by Truman?
A
Ralph Bunche
24
Q
Name of A. Philip Randolph’s campaign which encouraged black men to refuse to join the army while it was segregated
A
Black draft resistance movement
25
Name of the order passed in 1948 to ensure fair employment practices in the civil service
Executive Order 9980
26
Name of the order passed in 1948 to desegregate the national armed forces
Executive Order 9981
27
Name of the order passed in 1951 to establish the CGCC (Committee on Government Contract Compliance), which would ensure that government defence contracts didn't go to companies which discriminated based on race
Executive Order 10308
28
Date of Executive Order 9980 (ensuring fair employment practices in the Civil Service)
1948
29
Date of Executive Order 9981 (desegregating the national armed forces)
1948
30
Date of Executive Order 10308 (establishing the CGCC)
1951
31
Name of the organisation (est. in 1951) which ensured that Federal defence contracts went to companies which didn't discriminate on racial grounds
CGCC (Committee on Government Contract Compliance)
32
Name of programme which committed the government to building houses in deprived urban areas (but which in practice demolished more houses than it built)
Fair Deal programme
33
Date of Truman's (desegregated) inauguration ceremony
1949
34
Date of the restaurant in Dulles Airport (DC) being desegregated
1950
35
Name of the committee which produced the To Secure These Rights report
The President's Committee on Civil Rights
36
Date of the establishment of the President's Committee on Civil Rights
1946
37
Name of report, published in 1947, which examined the experiences of racial minorities in USA
To Secure These Rights
38
Date of publication of To Secure These Rights
1947
39
Problems highlighted by the To Secure These Rights report (7 points)
1. Lynching
2. Police brutality
3. Voting rights
4. Discrimination in the armed forces
5. Employment
6. Education
7. Health
40
How many lynchings were there in 5 Southern states between 1882 and 1945?
>300
41
What percentage of the Southern black population could vote in the 1944 Presidential election?
18%
42
List two legal methods used to block black voter registration in the South
1. The Grandfather clause
| 2. Literacy tests
43
In the army after the war, what ratio of white soldiers became officers compared to black soldiers?
1 in 7 v. 1 in 70
44
In the navy after the war, what ratio of white sailors became officers compared to black sailors?
1 in 7 v. 2 in 10k
45
After the war, what percentage of white working men working in low wage farming compared to working black men?
28% v. 68%
46
After the war, what was the average hourly pay for a white worker compared to a black worker?
65¢ v. 47¢
47
After the war, what was the average annual pay for a white school graduate compared to a black school graduate?
$1454 v. $775
48
In 1940, what was the the ratio of white doctor to patients compared to black doctor to patients?
1 for 750 v. 1 for 3377
49
Recommendations of To Secure These Rights regarding the Federal Government (5 points)
1. Reorganise the Civil Rights section of the Department of Justice at local level
2. Increase government funding to the Civil Rights section of the Department of Justice
3. Establish a Presidential committee
4. Establish a Congressional committee
5. Don't fund discriminatory organisations
50
Recommendations of To Secure These Rights regarding state governments (5 points)
1. Establish Civil Rights committees
2. Compulsory police training on race issues
3. Desegregation in education
4. Desegregation in health
5. End to laws prohibiting black voting
51
Recommendation of To Secure These Rights regarding lynching (2 points)
1. Force police to protect victims
| 2. Enable prosecution of entire lynch mobs
52
Recommendation of To Secure These Rights regarding job discrimination
Make the FEPC permanent
53
Recommendation of To Secure These Rights regarding police brutality
Outlaw police brutality
54
Name of civil rights organisation (est. in 1909) which focussed on legal cases in conjunction with peaceful protest
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People)
55
Threefold strategy of the NAACP
1. Take problem to court
2. Pressure politicians
3. Collaborate with other groups to organise popular resistance
56
How much did NAACP membership grow from 1939 to 1942?
50k-450k
57
Which 2 amendments did the NAAP use to challenge Jim Crow laws in court?
1. 14th Amendment (everyone born in USA is a citizen)
| 2. 15th Amendment (every citizen can vote)
58
Name of the most famous NAACP lawyer
Thurgood Marshall
59
Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled that all-white primaries were illegal under the 15th Amendment
Smith v. Allrwight; 1944
60
Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled that segregation on interstate bus transport was illegal
Morgan v. Virginia; 1946
61
Date of the establishment of the NAACP lynching investigation squad
1946
62
Date of activists picketing New Orleans' 4 biggest department stores, which refused to let black customers try on hats
1947
63
Date of activists picketing the black school in Alexandra, which closed during the cotton harvest so children could work
1951
64
Date of activists boycotting new black school in Lafayette, which had inferior facilities to the local white school
1953
65
Date of the UDL's (United Defence League) week-long bus boycott in Baton Rouge
1953
66
Dates of CNO's (Committee on Negro Organisation) voter registration campaign in Arkansas
1940 - 1957
67
Name and date of CORE's (Congress of Racial Equality) campaign of riding on interstate transport to challenge the Morgan v. Virginia ruling
Journey of Reconciliation; 1947
68
Out of 16 activists in CORE's Journey of Reconciliation, how many were arrested?
12
69
Name and date of the legal ruling which established legal segregation as long as it was "separate but equal"
Plessy v. Ferguson; 1896
70
In 1949, how much did South Carolina spend per year to educate each white child compared to each black child?
$179 v. $43
71
List the reasons why the NAACP chose to target segregation in education (2 points)
1. It was easy to show how education was separate but not equal
2. Improving one's education is the first step to improving one's economic situation
72
Name and date of the Supreme Court case which desegregated Texas Law School, as the black equivalent had inferior facilities
Sweatt v. Painter; 1950
73
Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled segregation illegal in US schools
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka; 1954
74
Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled that desegregation of schools should happen "with all deliberate speed"
Brown II; 1955
75
In 1953, which pro-Civil Rights judge was made a Chief Judge in the Supreme Court?
Earl Warren
76
Name of the organisation established in 1954, which both helped schools turn private to avoid desegregating, and supported pro-segregation politicians
White Citizens' Council
77
How many members did the White Citizens' Council have by 1956?
>250k
78
Date that the White Citizens' Council was established
1954
79
Name of the 14 year old black boy killed in a racially-induced murder in Mississippi in 1955
Emmett Till
80
In what state was NAACP activity banned following the Brown ruling?
Alabama
81
In what state were 48 of the 50 NAACP branches forced to shut down due to persecution by the police?
Louisiana
82
Name and date of the document signed by 101 Southern politicians to "resist desegregation by all lawful means"
Southern Manifesto; 1956
83
What percentage of Southern politicians signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto?
20%
84
In the South, what percentage of black children were in segregated schools in 1958 compared to in 1968?
97% v. 58%
85
List the reasons why progress towards racial equality was so slow between 1945 and 1955 (5 points)
1. Eisenhower didn't want to force change
2. Congressmen resisted
3. Local authorities resisted
4. Racist members of the public resisted
5. Civil Rights groups hadn't perfected their methods
86
Date of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955 - 1956
87
Name of organisation founded under Martin Luther King to organise the bus boycott
Montgomery Improvement Association
88
Original aim of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, until negotiations with local authorities failed
More humane segregation of buses
89
Final aim of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, after negotiations with local authorities failed
Desegregation of buses
90
What percentage of Montgomery's black population boycotted the buses during the 1955 - 1956 boycott?
85%
91
What percentage of their revenue did the local bus company lose as a result of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
65%
92
Name of Supreme Court case running parallel to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which ruled bus segregation illegal, and date of ruling
Browder v. Gayle; 1956
93
3 Civil Rights groups in the Montgomery Bus Boycott
1. NAACP
2. Women's Political Council
3. MIA
94
Civil Rights group established as a result of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and date of establishment
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference); 1957
95
Number of black students admitted to Little Rock High School, Arkansas, in 1957
9
96
Civil Rights group involved in Little Rock campaign
NAACP
97
2 aims of the Little Rock campaign
1. Speed up desegregation of schools
| 2. Test Brown ruling
98
Governor Faubus' reaction to the "Little Rock 9" trying to enrol
Sending in the National Guard
99
2 groups which greeted the "Little Rock 9" the first time they tried to enrol
1. National Guard
| 2. Mob
100
2 powers which ordered Governor Faubus to withdraw the National Guard
1. President Eisenhower
| 2. Department of Justice court justice
101
Eisenhower's response to a mob blocking the "Little Rock 9" from enrolling, even after Governor Faubus had withdrawn the National Guard
Bringing the National Guard under Presidential control and ordering it to protect the "Little Rock 9"
102
Faubus' response to the Little Rock campaign after he lost control of the National Guard
Passing a local law to close the school
103
Name of Supreme Court case in response to the Little Rock campaign, which ruled that it was illegal to prevent desegregation, and date of ruling
Cooper v. Aaron; 1958
104
Date of the Greensboro sit-ins
1960
105
Aim of the Greensboro sit-ins
Desegregate public places
106
2 Civil Rights groups involved in the Greensboro sit-ins
1. SCLC
| 2. SNCC
107
Name of Civil Rights group established during the Greensboro sit-ins
SNCC (Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee)
108
Starting point of the Greensboro sit-ins
Woolworth's counter in Greensboro, North Carolina
109
Number of protesters involved in Greensboro sit-ins by its 4th day
300
110
Number of North Carolina towns involved in protests by the end of the 1st week of the Greensboro sit-ins
6
111
Numbers of states involved in protests by end of 4th week of the Greensboro sit-ins
6
112
Number of protesters involved in sit-ins by the beginning of 1961
>70k
113
What percentage of its profits did Woolworth's lose during the Greensboro sit-ins?
33%
114
Number of towns which had desegregated public places by the end of 1961, in response to the Greensboro sit-ins
810
115
Date of the Freedom Rides on interstate transport
1961
116
3 Civil Rights groups involved in the 1961 Freedom Rides
1. CORE
2. SNCC
3. SCLC
117
2 aims of the 1961 Freedom Rides
1. Desegregate interstate transport
| 2. Test Morgan v. Virginia and Boynton v. Virginia
118
Name of Supreme Court case which forbade segregation on interstate transport, and date of ruling
Boynton v. Virginia; 1960
119
Route of the 1961 Freedom Rides
Washington DC to New Orleans
120
Number of white and black activists participating in the 1961 Freedom Rides
6 white and 7 black activists
121
In what town did the local police and the KKK allow a mob to firebomb the Freedom Rides bus?
Anniston, Alabama
122
In what town did Police Chief Connor give most of the police the day off when the Freedom Rides bus drove through the town?
Birmingham, Alabama
123
In what town did the police let a mob attack the Freedom Rides bus?
Montgomery, Alabama
124
Which prominent Civil Rights figure gave a speech in favour of the 1961 Freedom Rides after the mob attacks experienced, who had previously refused to be involved with the campaign?
Martin Luther King
125
Which government figure enforced the desegregation of interstate bus transport in response to the 1961 Freedom Rides?
Attorney General Robert Kennedy
126
Name of first black student to attend Mississippi University, and date of enrolment
James Meredith; 1962
127
Name of Mississippi Governor who refused Meredith entry to university
Governor Barnett
128
2 powers which told Governor Barnett to allow Meredith to attend university
1. President Kennedy
| 2. Supreme Court
129
Once forced to allow Meredith to attend university, what did Governor Barnett refuse to provide?
Protection
130
What did President Kennedy send to Mississippi University to allow Meredith to enrol?
Federal troops
131
How many people were killed in a riot over James Meredith attending Mississippi University?
2
132
Date of the Albany Movement, which aimed (in vague terms) to end segregation
1961 - 1962
133
2 Civil Rights groups involved in the Albany Movement
1. SNCC
| 2. SCLC
134
Aim of Police Chief Laurie Pritchett in response to the Albany Movement
Avoid media attention
135
3 tactics of Police Chief Pritchett in response to the Albany Movement
1. Ordered police to treat protestors respectfully in public
2. Released Martin Luther King from arrest
3. Made general promises for improvement
136
During which campaign did SNCC radicals begin to consider violence?
Albany Movement
137
In what sense was the Albany Movement a success?
Showed tactical changes were needed
138
Date of Birmingham campaign, which aimed to end segregation in major public areas and end discrimination employment
1963
139
2 reasons why Birmingham was chosen for the 1963 campaign
1. Police Chief Connor had reacted violently to Freedom Rides
2. One of the worst examples of segregation
140
2 aims of the 1963 Birmingham campaign
1. Desegregate major public
| 2. End racial discrimination in employment
141
Civil Rights group involved in 1963 Birmingham campaign
1. SCLC
142
Activist who recruited student protesters for the 1963 Birmingham campaign
James Bevel
143
During the 1963 Birmingham campaign, what was ruled illegal by court injunction in some precincts?
Marches
144
Name of the open letter written by Martin Luther King while in jail during the 1963 Birmingham campaign, which defended civil disobedience
Letter from Birmingham Jail
145
Group used as protestors during the 1963 Birmingham campaign, as wage earners couldn't afford to remain off work
Students
146
Number of children protestors jailed on 3 May 1963 during the Birmingham campaign
1.3k
147
What was Kennedy's comment about the 1963 Birmingham campaign?
He was "sickened" by police violence
148
Who did President Kennedy send to mediate negotiations during the 1963 Birmingham campaign?
Attorney General Kennedy
149
What percentage of radio time did USSR devote to covering the 1963 Birmingham protest, to use as propaganda against USA?
20%
150
What did President Kennedy announce his support for in 1963, in response to the Birmingham campaign?
A bill to end segregation
151
Name of the Birmingham location (previously used as headquarters for the 1963 campaign) bombed by the KKK, and date of the bombing
16th Street Baptist Church; September 1963
152
3 terms of the negotiations, mediated by Attorney General Kennedy, following the 1963 Birmingham campaign
1. Protesters released without charge
2. Large shops desegregated
3. End to discrimination in employment
153
Date of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which aimed to pressure President Kennedy to pass a Civil Rights bill
August 1963
154
Aim of the March on Washington
Pressure President Kennedy to pass a Civil Rights bill
155
Number of marchers involved in the March on Washington
250k
156
What percentage of the marchers involved in the 1963 March on Washington were white?
20%
157
4 Civil Rights groups involved in the 1963 March on Washington
1. SCLC
2. SNCC
3. CORE
4. NAACP
158
What was the 1963 March on Washington described as by a Ghanaian newspaper?
"One of the greatest revolutions in the annals of human history"
159
Date of the Mississippi Freedom Summer, a voter registration campaign
1964
160
Aim of 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer
Register black voters
161
Civil Rights group established during the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer
MFDP (Mississippi Democratic Freedom Party)
162
3 Civil Rights groups involved in the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer
1. SNCC
2. CORE
3. NAACP
163
Number of volunteers who came from the North to participate in the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer
800
164
Reason why Mississippi was chosen for the 1964 Freedom Summer voter registration campaign
It had the lowest level of black voter registration in the country
165
What percentage of black adults were registered to vote in Mississippi in 1962?
6.2%
166
2 methods used to register black voters during the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer
1. Escorting black voters to registration offices
| 2. Establishing Freedom Schools
167
Number of Freedom Schools established in Mississippi during the 1964 Freedom Summer voter registration campaign
30
168
Number of citizens who tried to register to vote during the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer, compared to the number who successfully registered
17k v. 1.6k
169
Problem with the 1964 Democratic Primary in Mississippi
It was lily-white
170
MFDP response to 1964 lily-white Democratic Primary in Mississippi
Held own Primary
171
President Johnson's suggestion in response to the 1964 lily-white Democratic Primary in Mississippi
MFDP could be honoured non-voting guests
172
Date of the Selma campaign, a voter registration campaign
1965
173
2 reasons why Selma was chosen for the 1965 voter registration campaign
1. Low rate of voter registration
| 2. Sheriff Clark would respond violently
174
What percentage of black adults were registered to vote in Selma before the 1965 campaign?
1%
175
3 Civil Rights groups involved in 1965 Selma voter registration campaign
1. SCLC
2. SNCC
3. CORE
176
Weapon used by police on protesters during the 1965 Selma campaign
Electric cattle prod
177
Name of 26 year old black man killed by police during the 1965 Selma campaign while protecting his mother and grandmother
Jimmie Lee Jackson
178
Length of march planned for the 1965 Selma campaign, and end location
50 miles; Montgomery
179
During the 1965 Selma campaign, who stopped the first attempt at a 50 mile march to Montgomery, and what date was it planned for?
Police; 7 March 1965
180
During the 1965 Selma campaign, who stopped the second attempt at a 50 mile march to Montgomery, and what date was it planned for?
President Johnson; 9 March 1965
181
Dates of the 50 mile march to Montgomery during the 1965 Selma campaign
21 March 1965 - 26 March 1965
182
Number of protesters at the start of the 50 mile march to Montgomery during the 1965 Selma campaign, compared to the number at the end
8k v. 25k
183
What act did the 1965 Selma campaign lead to, and in what year did it become law?
Voting Rights Act; 1965
184
Date of the Moynihan Report (a.k.a. The Negro Family: The case for national action)
1965
185
What was the 1965 Moynihan Report a study of?
The economic position of black Americans
186
Who commissioned the 1965 Moynihan Report
President Johnson
187
3 findings of the 1965 Moynihan Report about black Americans
1. High levels of crime
2. Poor living conditions
3. Ghettoisation in the North
188
President Johnson's aim for the 1965 Moynihan Report
Promote economic equality
189
What did the 1965 Moynihan Report suggest which horrified Civil Rights leaders?
Black people were responsible for their economic problems
190
Date of the Chicago Freedom Movement, which aimed to challenge de facto segregation in housing, employment, and education
1966
191
3 areas of de facto segregation which the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement aimed to challenge
1. Housing
2. Employment
3. Education
192
Date of the first (failed) rally during the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement
10 June 1966
193
Area marched through by protesters during the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement
White residential areas
194
Area where a mob stoned Martin Luther King during the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement
Gage Park
195
What did Police Chief Ogilvie warn any future marches during 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement would do?
"Make Gage Park look like a tea party"
196
What sparked a big riot in a black ghetto during 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement?
Mayor Daley cutting off access to a fire hydrant during a heat wave
197
What did Mayor Daley obtain to prevent further marches during the 1966 Chicago Freedom movement?
A court injunction
198
What body promised to respect the city's fair housing laws in order to subdue the 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement, yet failed to keep these promises?
Chicago Real Estate Board
199
Which campaign caused widespread criticism of Martin Luther King?
Chicago Freedom Movement
200
Which sort of group didn't support 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement?
White labour unions
201
Which area of influence, which Martin Luther King could rely upon to gather support in Southern campaigns, did he lack in the North?
Church communities
202
How many time bigger was Chicago that Birmingham?
10x
203
How many times bigger was Chicago that Selma?
100x
204
How long did Martin Luther King believe urban regeneration in the North would take?
10 years
205
2 Civil Rights groups involved in 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement
1. SCLC
| 2. CCCO
206
Full name of CCCO
Coordinating Council of Community Organisations
207
Name of activist who planned marches in racist areas during 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement
Jesse Jackson
208
Date of the Poor People's Campaign, which aimed to tackle social and economic issues for people from all disadvantaged backgrounds
1968
209
2 aims of 1968 Poor People's Campaign
1. Better overall living standards
| 2. End to ghettoes
210
Radical method planned for the 1968 Poor People's Campaign
Nationwide Civil Disobedience
211
3 demands of the 1968 Poor People's Campaign
1. $30b a year Federal budget to combat poverty
2. Government commitment to full employment
3. Government initiatives to build 500k houses a year
212
Civil Rights group involved in 1968 Poor People's Campaign
SCLC
213
Date of Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike, aiming to improve standard for Memphis sanitation workers
1968
214
How long did the peaceful march last for during the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike before descending into violence?
<1 hour
215
Equipment used by the police on protesters during the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike
Tear gas
216
Date of the assassination of Martin Luther King
4 April 1968
217
In how many states were there protests following Martin Luther King's assassination?
29
218
In how many cities were there protests following Martin Luther King's assassination?
130
219
Motto of the Nation of Islam
"Clean yourself up, stand up, and do something for yourself"
220
Founder of the Nation of Islam, and date of foundation
Wallace Fard Muhammed; 1930
221
2 tenets of the Nation of Islam
1. Black supremacism
| 2. Staying pure from vice
222
Date when Wallace Fard Muhammed disappeared, and the Nation of Islam was taken over by Elijah Muhammed
1934
223
Which group did the Nation of Islam particularly appeal to?
Young black working class Northern men
224
What percentage of Temple No. 7 members had criminal records, despite the fact that practically none reoffended?
90%
225
How many of Malcolm X's uncles were killed by white attackers?
3
226
Name of white supremacist group which torched the home of Malcolm X's father, and which may have killed him
Black Legion
227
What did Malcolm X's teacher say about his ambition to become a lawyer?
"It's no realistic goal for a nigger"
228
Date that Malcolm X was sentenced to 10 years in prison
1946
229
What did Malcolm X say about Martin Luther King?
He was a "20th century Uncle Tom"
230
What did Malcolm X say about integration?
It was "the new form of slavery"
231
2 beliefs of Malcolm X
1. Black nationalism
| 2. Self-defence
232
What did Malcolm X believe peaceful protest reinforced?
The stereotype of black people as weak
233
Date that Malcolm X broke with the Nation of Islam
March 1964
234
How did Malcolm X describe President Kennedy's assassination?
As "the chickens coming home to roost"
235
2 reasons for Malcolm X's break with the Nation of Islam
1. He embarrassed the Nation of Islam with controversial statements
2. Elijah Muhammed envied Malcolm X's media attention
236
Name of the organisation formed by Malcolm X after his break with the Nation of Islam, and date of its establishment
OAAU (Organisation of Afro-American Unity); 1964
237
5 types of campaigns organised by OAAU
1. Voter registration campaigns
2. School boycotts
3. Rent strikes
4. Programmes to help drug addicts
5. Re-education
238
Name and date of Malcolm X's speech in favour of an integrated political system, but where black people would vote for black politicians
The Ballot or the Bullet; 1964
239
Date that Malcolm X's houses was firebombed in an attempted assassination attempt
1964
240
Date that Malcolm X was shot dead
1965
241
Which organisation were Malcolm X's 3 killers members of?
Nation of Islam
242
Which organisation received reports that the Nation of Islam wanted Malcolm X dead?
FBI
243
Date of the establishment of the BPP (Black Panther Party)
1966
244
2 founders of the BPP
Huey Newton and Bobby Searle
245
Who was the BPP dedicated to?
Malcolm X
246
2 ways I'm which BPP was radical?
1. All-black membership
| 2. Prepared to use violence
247
2 aims of BPP
1. Self-defence
| 2. Economic improvement
248
BPP believed that the police and US justice system couldn't be trusted. What did they establish to counter this?
A militia
249
Name of document which summarised the changes that BPP believed were needed for black liberation
10 Point Programme
250
What philosophy did BPP aim to follow?
Marxism
251
Name of BPP programme which aimed to survey the police and protect black people from police violence
Patrol the Pigs
252
3 California cities which BPP's Patrol the Pigs programme reached
1. Oakland
2. Richmond
3. Berkeley
253
What BPP initiative did the Californian government try (unsuccessfully) to ban?
Patrol the Pigs
254
By 1967, how many groups did BPP have, in how many states?
35 groups in 15 states
255
What caused the change in BPP focus from violence to welfare?
Effects of the Free Huey campaign
256
Date that BPP's Survival Programmes were planned
1968
257
3 BPP Survival Programmes
1. Free Breakfast for School Children
2. Free health clinics
3. Liberation schools
258
By 1969, how many did the BPP's Free Breakfast for Schoolchildren programme feed a day?
10k
259
3 medical services provided by BPP free health clinics
1. Tests for sickle cell anaemia
2. Emergency care
3. Contraceptive advice
260
By 1974, how many free health clinics did BPP run?
>200
261
By 1974, how many patients did BPP free health clinics treat a year?
>200k
262
Although BPP's liberation schools expanded to teach kids needing academic support, their original goal was what?
Teach black history and culture
263
By 1968, how many members did BPP have?
5k
264
By 1968, what was the circulation of BPP's paper?
250k
265
By 1968, what was the estimated readership of BPP's paper?
1m
266
By the end of 1960s, what percentage approval did BPP have with black GIs in Vietnam?
70%
267
Who launched a 'dirty tricks' campaign against BPP?
FBI
268
What diverted BPP campaigns away from welfare campaigns to legal fees?
Arrest of members
269
3 tactics used by FBI in their 'dirty tricks' campaign against BPP
1. Phone tapping
2. Office bugging
3. Forged letters
270
Internal divisions within BPP arose over members thinking party's focus should be on what?
Self defence v. Welfare
