AS: Civil Rights Flashcards
Revise for AS exam
Name of the World War 2 campaign to fight enemies abroad (Axis powers) and domestically (racism)
Double V Campaign
Name of black US pilot who flew 149 missions during the last year of World War 2
Woodrow Crockett
How many planes from black squadrons were shot down during World War 2?
0
In the South, how much was spent on creating factories to supply the army in World War 2?
$4.5b
Name of trade unionist who threatened to lead a march on DC since black workers were unable to get jobs
A. Philip Randolph
Name and date of organisation established by an Executive Order of Roosevelt, which forced war industries not to discriminate in hiring based on ‘race, creed, colour, or natural origin’
FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Commission); 1941
What percentage of US black population lived in the North in 1940 compared to in 1950?
25% v. 33%
What areas experienced the majority of black migration during the 1940s?
Northern industrial cities
By 1945, what percentage of US black population lived in urban areas?
48%
By 1945, how many Northern states had between 5% and 13% black population (giving them the balance of power in elections if voting in a block)?
16
Which black politician was elected to Congress in 1943?
William L. Dawson
Which black politician was elected to Congress in 1945?
Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
Which black lawyer was made Federal judge in 1949?
William H. Hastie
What percentage of the Southern black population was registered to vote before the war compared to in 1945?
2% v. 15%
What was the increase in black college students in the North after World War 2?
Threefold
What percentage of white men were unemployed in New York after the war, compared to black men?
6% v. 10%
How many black Americans migrated to the North during World War 2?
500k
How many black people were unemployed in USA in 1940 compared to in 1945?
937k v. 151k
Name and date of the wartime riots, which took place in response to racial discrimination in housing, jobs, and police brutality
Detroit Race Riots; 1943
In the centre of Washington DC, which 3 types of public buildings were black people banned from in 1945?
- Cinemas
- Hotels
- Restaurants
What percentage of white housing was deemed substandard in Washington DC, compared to black housing?
12% v. 40%
Who was the first President since Lincoln to commit to a civil rights agenda?
Truman
Which black diplomat was made US ambassador to the UN by Truman?
Ralph Bunche
Name of A. Philip Randolph’s campaign which encouraged black men to refuse to join the army while it was segregated
Black draft resistance movement
Name of the order passed in 1948 to ensure fair employment practices in the civil service
Executive Order 9980
Name of the order passed in 1948 to desegregate the national armed forces
Executive Order 9981
Name of the order passed in 1951 to establish the CGCC (Committee on Government Contract Compliance), which would ensure that government defence contracts didn’t go to companies which discriminated based on race
Executive Order 10308
Date of Executive Order 9980 (ensuring fair employment practices in the Civil Service)
1948
Date of Executive Order 9981 (desegregating the national armed forces)
1948
Date of Executive Order 10308 (establishing the CGCC)
1951
Name of the organisation (est. in 1951) which ensured that Federal defence contracts went to companies which didn’t discriminate on racial grounds
CGCC (Committee on Government Contract Compliance)
Name of programme which committed the government to building houses in deprived urban areas (but which in practice demolished more houses than it built)
Fair Deal programme
Date of Truman’s (desegregated) inauguration ceremony
1949
Date of the restaurant in Dulles Airport (DC) being desegregated
1950
Name of the committee which produced the To Secure These Rights report
The President’s Committee on Civil Rights
Date of the establishment of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights
1946
Name of report, published in 1947, which examined the experiences of racial minorities in USA
To Secure These Rights
Date of publication of To Secure These Rights
1947
Problems highlighted by the To Secure These Rights report (7 points)
- Lynching
- Police brutality
- Voting rights
- Discrimination in the armed forces
- Employment
- Education
- Health
How many lynchings were there in 5 Southern states between 1882 and 1945?
> 300
What percentage of the Southern black population could vote in the 1944 Presidential election?
18%
List two legal methods used to block black voter registration in the South
- The Grandfather clause
2. Literacy tests
In the army after the war, what ratio of white soldiers became officers compared to black soldiers?
1 in 7 v. 1 in 70
In the navy after the war, what ratio of white sailors became officers compared to black sailors?
1 in 7 v. 2 in 10k
After the war, what percentage of white working men working in low wage farming compared to working black men?
28% v. 68%
After the war, what was the average hourly pay for a white worker compared to a black worker?
65¢ v. 47¢
After the war, what was the average annual pay for a white school graduate compared to a black school graduate?
$1454 v. $775
In 1940, what was the the ratio of white doctor to patients compared to black doctor to patients?
1 for 750 v. 1 for 3377
Recommendations of To Secure These Rights regarding the Federal Government (5 points)
- Reorganise the Civil Rights section of the Department of Justice at local level
- Increase government funding to the Civil Rights section of the Department of Justice
- Establish a Presidential committee
- Establish a Congressional committee
- Don’t fund discriminatory organisations
Recommendations of To Secure These Rights regarding state governments (5 points)
- Establish Civil Rights committees
- Compulsory police training on race issues
- Desegregation in education
- Desegregation in health
- End to laws prohibiting black voting
Recommendation of To Secure These Rights regarding lynching (2 points)
- Force police to protect victims
2. Enable prosecution of entire lynch mobs
Recommendation of To Secure These Rights regarding job discrimination
Make the FEPC permanent
Recommendation of To Secure These Rights regarding police brutality
Outlaw police brutality
Name of civil rights organisation (est. in 1909) which focussed on legal cases in conjunction with peaceful protest
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People)
Threefold strategy of the NAACP
- Take problem to court
- Pressure politicians
- Collaborate with other groups to organise popular resistance
How much did NAACP membership grow from 1939 to 1942?
50k-450k
Which 2 amendments did the NAAP use to challenge Jim Crow laws in court?
- 14th Amendment (everyone born in USA is a citizen)
2. 15th Amendment (every citizen can vote)
Name of the most famous NAACP lawyer
Thurgood Marshall
Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled that all-white primaries were illegal under the 15th Amendment
Smith v. Allrwight; 1944
Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled that segregation on interstate bus transport was illegal
Morgan v. Virginia; 1946
Date of the establishment of the NAACP lynching investigation squad
1946
Date of activists picketing New Orleans’ 4 biggest department stores, which refused to let black customers try on hats
1947
Date of activists picketing the black school in Alexandra, which closed during the cotton harvest so children could work
1951
Date of activists boycotting new black school in Lafayette, which had inferior facilities to the local white school
1953
Date of the UDL’s (United Defence League) week-long bus boycott in Baton Rouge
1953
Dates of CNO’s (Committee on Negro Organisation) voter registration campaign in Arkansas
1940 - 1957
Name and date of CORE’s (Congress of Racial Equality) campaign of riding on interstate transport to challenge the Morgan v. Virginia ruling
Journey of Reconciliation; 1947
Out of 16 activists in CORE’s Journey of Reconciliation, how many were arrested?
12
Name and date of the legal ruling which established legal segregation as long as it was “separate but equal”
Plessy v. Ferguson; 1896
In 1949, how much did South Carolina spend per year to educate each white child compared to each black child?
$179 v. $43
List the reasons why the NAACP chose to target segregation in education (2 points)
- It was easy to show how education was separate but not equal
- Improving one’s education is the first step to improving one’s economic situation
Name and date of the Supreme Court case which desegregated Texas Law School, as the black equivalent had inferior facilities
Sweatt v. Painter; 1950
Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled segregation illegal in US schools
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka; 1954
Name and date of Supreme Court case which ruled that desegregation of schools should happen “with all deliberate speed”
Brown II; 1955
In 1953, which pro-Civil Rights judge was made a Chief Judge in the Supreme Court?
Earl Warren
Name of the organisation established in 1954, which both helped schools turn private to avoid desegregating, and supported pro-segregation politicians
White Citizens’ Council
How many members did the White Citizens’ Council have by 1956?
> 250k
Date that the White Citizens’ Council was established
1954
Name of the 14 year old black boy killed in a racially-induced murder in Mississippi in 1955
Emmett Till
In what state was NAACP activity banned following the Brown ruling?
Alabama
In what state were 48 of the 50 NAACP branches forced to shut down due to persecution by the police?
Louisiana
Name and date of the document signed by 101 Southern politicians to “resist desegregation by all lawful means”
Southern Manifesto; 1956
What percentage of Southern politicians signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto?
20%
In the South, what percentage of black children were in segregated schools in 1958 compared to in 1968?
97% v. 58%
List the reasons why progress towards racial equality was so slow between 1945 and 1955 (5 points)
- Eisenhower didn’t want to force change
- Congressmen resisted
- Local authorities resisted
- Racist members of the public resisted
- Civil Rights groups hadn’t perfected their methods
Date of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955 - 1956
Name of organisation founded under Martin Luther King to organise the bus boycott
Montgomery Improvement Association
Original aim of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, until negotiations with local authorities failed
More humane segregation of buses
Final aim of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, after negotiations with local authorities failed
Desegregation of buses
What percentage of Montgomery’s black population boycotted the buses during the 1955 - 1956 boycott?
85%
What percentage of their revenue did the local bus company lose as a result of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
65%
Name of Supreme Court case running parallel to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which ruled bus segregation illegal, and date of ruling
Browder v. Gayle; 1956
3 Civil Rights groups in the Montgomery Bus Boycott
- NAACP
- Women’s Political Council
- MIA
Civil Rights group established as a result of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and date of establishment
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference); 1957
Number of black students admitted to Little Rock High School, Arkansas, in 1957
9
Civil Rights group involved in Little Rock campaign
NAACP
2 aims of the Little Rock campaign
- Speed up desegregation of schools
2. Test Brown ruling
Governor Faubus’ reaction to the “Little Rock 9” trying to enrol
Sending in the National Guard
2 groups which greeted the “Little Rock 9” the first time they tried to enrol
- National Guard
2. Mob
2 powers which ordered Governor Faubus to withdraw the National Guard
- President Eisenhower
2. Department of Justice court justice
Eisenhower’s response to a mob blocking the “Little Rock 9” from enrolling, even after Governor Faubus had withdrawn the National Guard
Bringing the National Guard under Presidential control and ordering it to protect the “Little Rock 9”
Faubus’ response to the Little Rock campaign after he lost control of the National Guard
Passing a local law to close the school
Name of Supreme Court case in response to the Little Rock campaign, which ruled that it was illegal to prevent desegregation, and date of ruling
Cooper v. Aaron; 1958
Date of the Greensboro sit-ins
1960
Aim of the Greensboro sit-ins
Desegregate public places
2 Civil Rights groups involved in the Greensboro sit-ins
- SCLC
2. SNCC
Name of Civil Rights group established during the Greensboro sit-ins
SNCC (Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee)
Starting point of the Greensboro sit-ins
Woolworth’s counter in Greensboro, North Carolina
