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Biology > AS CH2.2 Adaptions for gas exchange (humans) > Flashcards

AS CH2.2 Adaptions for gas exchange (humans) Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do larger organisms have higher oxygen requirements?

A

They have a greater number of cells

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2
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of organisms having a larger surface area to volume ratio?

A
  • Advantage: can exchange more gas

- Disadvantage: increased area available for waterloss

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3
Q

What are some good features for gas exchange?

A
  • Good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient (not in single celled organisms, insects, or plants)
  • Ventilation mechanism to maintain concentration gradient (not in single celled organisms, insects, or worms)
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4
Q

What are some general characteristics of a gas exchange surface?

A
  • Large surface area to volume ratio
  • Moist to allow gases to dissolve
  • Thin to provide a short diffusion distance
  • Permeable to gases
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5
Q

Name a unicellular organism

A

Amoeba

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6
Q

What features do unicellular organisms have that are good for gas exchange?

A
  • Large surface area to volume ratio
  • Materials can be directly exchanged across their thin and permeable cell surface membrane
  • Cytoplasm constantly moves, maintaining their concentration gradient
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7
Q

What is a disadvantage of larger multicellular organisms in gas exchange?

A

They have a smaller surface area to volume ration so diffusion across the body surface is decreased

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8
Q

Why do highly active animals have higher oxygen requirements?

A

They have a higher metabolic rate

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9
Q

What adaptions do highly active animals have to meet their oxygen requirements?

A

They have a specialised gas exchange surface with a ventilation mechanism to ensure the concentration gradient is maintained across the respiratory surface

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10
Q

How do land animals minimise water loss at their respiratory surface?

A

They have an internal gas exchange surface called lungs

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11
Q

What adaptions do flatworms have for gas exchange?

A
  • Flat body to reduce diffusion distance and to increase overall surface area
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12
Q

What adaptions do earthworms have for gas exchange?

A
  • Secretes mucus to maintain most surface
  • Well developed capillary network under the skin
  • Low metabolic rate to reduce oxygen requirements
  • Network of blood vessels and blood containing haemoglobin to transport oxygen
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13
Q

What adaptions do amphibians have for gas exchange?

A
  • Moist and permeable skin
  • Developed capillary network beneath surface
  • Have lungs for when they’re more active
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14
Q

What adaptions do reptiles have for gas exchange?

A
  • Internal lungs that have a large surface area
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15
Q

What adaptions do birds have for gas exchange?

A
  • Efficient ventilation system
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16
Q

Why do birds need an efficient ventilation system?

A

Flight generates high metabolic rate so they have high oxygen requirements

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17
Q

What specialized internal gas exchange surface do fish have?

A

gills

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18
Q

What are fish gills made of

A

Gill filaments containing gill lamellae which are right angled to the filaments

19
Q

Why do fish need gill filaments and lamellae?

A

To increase surface area for the exchange of oxygen and CO2

20
Q

What direction does blood and water flow in for cartilaginous fish?

A

Blood and water flow in the same direction over the gills, they have parallel flow

21
Q

Why is gas exchange only possible on parts of the gill filament surface for cartilaginous fish?

A

Because equilibrium is reached at the gill filament surface which prevents further diffusion

22
Q

What is the ventilation system for cartilaginous fish?

A

As the fish swim, their mouth is open so water can pass over the gills

23
Q

In what direction does blood and water flow in for body fish?

A

Blood and water flow in opposite directions so they have counter-current flow

24
Q

What does the counter-current flow do in bony fish?

A

Diffusion is maintained along the entire length of the fill filament because there is always a higher concentration of oxygen in water than in the blood it meets

25
Q

What does a counter-current flow result in for bony fish?

A

Higher oxygen absorption as equilibrium is not reached

26
Q

In body fish, why is there always a higher concentration of oxygen in the water than in the blood the gill filaments meet?

A

Because bony fish have counter-current flow so the concentration gradient is maintained along the entire length of the gill filament

27
Q

What is the ventilation mechanism for water intake in body fish?

A
  1. Mouth opens
  2. Floor of the buccal cavity lowers and water rushes in
  3. Opercular valve is closed
  4. Volume increases and pressure drops
28
Q

What is the ventilation mechanism for water expulsion in bony fish?

A
  1. Mouth is closed
  2. Floor of buccal cavity rises
  3. Opercular valve opens and water is forced out over the gills
  4. Volume decreases and pressure increases
29
Q

What is more efficient, counter current flow or parallel flow?

A

Counter current flow is more efficient

30
Q

What is the ventilation mechanism for inspiration (active) in humans?

A
  1. External intercostal muscles contract which pulls the outer pleural membrane outwards
  2. Diaphragm contracts (flattens)
  3. Pressure is reduced in the pleural cavity, the inner pleural membrane moves outwards
  4. Pulls on the surface of the lungs causes alveoli to expand
  5. Alveolar pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure so air is drawn in
31
Q

What is the ventilation mechanism for expiration (passive) in humans?

A
  1. External intercostal muscles relax, the outer pleural membrane moves inwards
  2. Diaphragm relaxes (moves upwards)
  3. Pressure increases in the pleural cavity, the inner pleural membrane move inwards
  4. Pushes on the surface of the lungs cases the alveoli to contract
  5. Alveolar pressure increases above atmospheric pressure so air is forced out
32
Q

What are the adaptions in the alveoli for gas exchange?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Thin walls
  • Surrounded by capillaries so there is a short diffusion distance and good blood supply
  • Moist lining
  • Permeable to gases
  • Collagen and elastic fibres allow expansion and recoiling
33
Q

What carries deoxygenated blood to the alveoli?

A

Branch of the pulmonary artery

34
Q

What carried oxygenated blood from the alveoli back to the heart?

A

Pulmonary vein

35
Q

What cells do alveoli have that produces a surfactant?

A

Surfactant-secreting cells

36
Q

What does the surfactant in the alveoli do?

A
  • lowers the surface tension preventing the alveoli from collapsing and sticking together
  • Allows gasses to dissolve
37
Q

Why are gills more efficient at extracting oxygen than lungs?

A

Because water contains less dissolved oxygen inn it than in the air

38
Q

What gas exchange structures do insects have?

A
  • Branched, chitin lined system of tracheae with openings called spiracles
  • Chitin is arranged into rings, which allow the tracheae to expand and contract drawing air in and out of the insects body
  • Spiracles lead to branched tracheae, which branch into smaller tubes called tracheoles
  • Spiracles can open and close for gas exchange and to reduce water loss
  • Hair covering spiracles also reduce water loss and prevent solid particles from getting in
  • Tracheole tubes have direct contact with every tissue, supplying oxygen and removing CO2 which is why there is no need to haemoglobin
  • End if tracheole tubes are filled with fluid to allow gases to dissolve
  • Muscles in the thorax and abdomen contract and relax causing rhythmical movements that ventilate tracheole tubes, maintaining the concentration gradient
  • Have an exoskeleton of chitin covered in wax, so it is impermeable to water and gases
39
Q

Why is chitin in an insects body arranged into rings?

A

It allows the tracheae to expand and contract drawing air in and out of the insects body

40
Q

Why do spiracles on an insects body close?

A

to reduce water loss

41
Q

Why do insects have hair covering their spiracles?

A

To reduce water loss and prevent solid particles from getting in

42
Q

Why do insects not need haemoglobin?

A

Their tracheole tubes have direct contact with every tissue, supplying it with oxygen and removing CO2

43
Q

Why is there fluid at the end of insects tracheole tubes?

A

To allow gases to dissolve

44
Q

How does an insect maintain the concentration gradient in gas exchange?

A

Muscles in the thorax and abdomen contract and relax causing rhythmical movements t9 ventilate tracheole tubes

Biology (9 decks)

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