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Biology > AS 1.2 Cell structure and organisation > Flashcards

AS 1.2 Cell structure and organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is 1nm in μm?

A

0.01μm

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2
Q

What is 1μm in mm?

A

0.001

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3
Q

what is 1mm in cm?

A

0.1

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4
Q

What is 1cm in m?

A

0.1

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5
Q

What is 1nm in mm?

A

0.000001

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6
Q

Why can more structures be seen under an electron microscope than a light microscope?

A

electron microscopes use electrons instead of light which have a much shorter wavelength so the microscope has a greater magnification and a high resolution

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7
Q

What is the largest organelle present in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell?

A

nucleus

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8
Q

What does a nucleus contain?

A

DNA coding for protein synthesis, nucleoplasm. and a nucleolus

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9
Q

What does the nucleoplasm contain?

A

chromatin, which condenses to form chromosomes during cell division

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10
Q

What is the membrane structure of a nucleus?

A

It is double membraned, the outer membrane is continuous with the ER thath arounds it. The membrane has pores that allow mRNA to leave the nucleus

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11
Q

What is the nucleolus responsible for?

A

Production of rRNA and ribosomes

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12
Q

What is the shape of a mitochondria and what advantages does it have?

A

Cylindrical shape, has large surface area to volume ratio, and a shorter distance from the edge to the centre, reducing diffusion distance and increasing respiration efficiency

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13
Q

How long is a mitochondria?

A

1-10μm long

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14
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP

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15
Q

What is the membrane structure of a mitochondria?

A

Double membraned, the inner membrane is folded into structures called cristae, which provide a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes (e.g. ATP synthetase)

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16
Q

What does the mitochondria’s fluid filled matrix contain?

A

lipids, proteins, 70S ribosomes and a small circle of DNA

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17
Q

Where is mitochondria found?

A

Present in all cells, but more are found in metabolically active cells (muscle and liver)

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18
Q

Where is chloroplast found?

A

In photosynthetic plants

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19
Q

What is chloroplasts function?

A

site of photosynthesis

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20
Q

What is the membrane structure of a chloroplast?

A

The chloroplast is surrounded by a double membrane

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21
Q

What does the fluid filled stroma in a chloroplast contain?

A

starch grains, 70S ribosomes and a circle of DNA

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22
Q

What is a thylakoid?

A

A flattened membrane

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23
Q

What do stacks of thylakoids contain?

A

photosynthetic pigments, which include chlorophyll

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24
Q

What is a stack thylakoids called?

A

Granum

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25
Q

How is the membrane structure of chloroplasts different from mitochondria?

A

In chloroplasts, the inner membrane is not folded

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26
Q

What is the membrane structure of endoplasmic reticulums?

A

System of double membranes that form interconnected flattened fluid-filled sacs called cisternae, which are connected to the nuclear envelope

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27
Q

What is the role of ER?

A

To transport materials through the cell

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28
Q

What does rough ER do?

A

has ribosomes attached to its outer surface, so after proteins have been synthesised at the ribosomes, they are transported via the cisternae

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29
Q

What does smooth ER do?

A

Smooth ER does not have ribosomes, they are involved in the synthesis and transport of lipids

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30
Q

What are ribosomes made from and where are they found?

A
  • Made from rRNA and protein

- Found within the cytoplasm

31
Q

What is the membrane structure of a ribosome?

A

They are not membrane bound

32
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

To assemble proteins during translation

33
Q

What are the two subunits of a ribosome?

A

the small subunit contains a mRNA attachment site, and the large subunit has two tRNA attachment sites

34
Q

What size are the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

A
  • In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes are 80S

- In prokaryotic cells they are 70S

35
Q

What is the structure of a golgi body?

A
  • Similar to endoplasmic reticulum but it is more compact in shape
  • Stack of curved cisternae
36
Q

How does the golgi body work?

A
  1. Vesicles containing polypeptides pinch off from the rough ER and fused with golgi body
  2. The golgi body modifies and packages the proteins
    On the other side of the golgi body, vesicles containing the modified proteins are pinched off
  3. The vesicles carry proteins elsewhere in the cell or move to fuse with the cell membrane, secreting the modified proteins by exocytosis
37
Q

What are some functions of the golgi body?

A
  • Secreting carbohydrates
  • Producing glycoproteins
  • Transporting and storing lipids
  • Forming lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes
38
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Small, single membrane-bound vacuoles that are pinches off the golgi body containing the digestive enzyme lysozyme

39
Q

What are the roles of lysosomes?

A

Their role is to digest worn out organelles within the cell, and foreign material that has been engulfed by phagocytosis

40
Q

Where are centrioles found?

A
  • Present in animal cells and protoctistans
  • Absent in higher plants
  • Located just outside the nucleus
41
Q

What do centrioles consist of?

A

Consists of two rings of microtubules, making hollow cylinders positioned at right angles to one another

42
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

They organise the microtubules that make the spindle during cell division

43
Q

What vacuole do plant cells have?

A

they have a large central vacuole surrounded by a single membrane, the tonoplast

44
Q

What do vacuoles in plant cells contain?

A

Contain cell sap, a solution which stores chemicals such as glucose, amino acids and minerals

45
Q

What is the role of vacuoles in plant cells?

A

To support soft plant tissues

46
Q

Where are cell walls present and what are they made of?

A
  • In pants, their cell wall is made from cellulose
  • In bacteria, their cell wall is made of peptidoglycan
  • In fungi, their cell wall is made of chitin
47
Q

What are the functions of cell walls?

A
  • Transport: The gaps between the cellulose fibres make the cell wall fully permeable to water and dissolved molecules or ions
  • Mechanical strength: The structure of cellulose makes the cell wall very strong. So when the vacuole is full of solution, cell contents push against the cell wall which resists expansion and the cell becomes turgid, supporting the plant
  • Communication between cells: cells communicate via pores in the cell wall which allow strands of cytoplasm called plasmodesmata to pass
    allows water to pass via the symplast pathway
48
Q

What is the main pathways that allows water to cross plant roots?

A

Apoplast pathway

49
Q

What are the differences between plant and animal cells?

A
  • Plant cells have a cell wall surrounding a membrane
  • Animal cells have no cell wall, only a membrane
  • Plant cells have chloroplasts (in cells above the ground)
  • Animals cells don’t have chloroplast
  • Plant cells have a large permanent single central vacuole
  • Animals cells have small temporary vacuoles
  • Higher plant cells don’t have centrioles
  • Animal cells have centrioles
  • Plant cells have plasmodesmata
  • Animal cells don’t have a plasmodesmata
  • Plant cells use starch grains as their energy storage
  • Animal cells use glycogen granules as their energy storage
50
Q

What do all prokaryotic cells have?

A
  • All don’t have a nucleus, their DNA is loose within the cytoplasm
  • All don’t have membrane bound organelles
  • All cell walls are made from peptidoglycan
  • All ribosomes are 70S so smaller than eukaryotes
51
Q

What do some prokaryotic cells have?

A
  • Some prokaryotes contain plasmids which are small rings of DNA that contain antibiotic resistant genes
  • Some prokaryotes have a slime coat
  • Some prokaryotes have a flagella
  • Some prokaryotes have photosynthetic lamellae holding photosynthetic pigments
  • Some prokaryotes have a an infolding of the membrane called mesosomes where respiration occurs
52
Q

What are the differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

A

Length: Prokaryotes are 1-10μm (small), Eukaryotes are 10-100μm (larger)
Membrane bond organelles: absent in Prokaryotes, present in Eukaryotes
DNA: Prokaryotes have free DNA in cytoplasm, Eukaryotes have DNA that are combined with histone proteins in chromosomes
Nuclear envelope: absent in Prokaryotes, present in Eukaryotes and they are double membraned
Plasmids: sometimes in Prokaryotes, absent Eukaryotes
Cell wall: Prokaryotes have peptidoglycan cell walls, Eukaryotes have cellulose cell walls (plants) and chitin cell walls (fungi)
Chloroplasts: Prokaryotes have none but some may use photosynthetic lamellae for photosynthesis, present in some Eukaryotes such as plants and some protoctista
Mesosome: sometimes in Prokaryotes, absent in Eukaryotes
Ribosomes: 70S in Prokaryotes and its free in the cytoplasm, 80S in Eukaryotes and its free in cytoplasm as well as some attached to the rough ER

53
Q

What structures do viruses don’t have?

A

Don’t have a cytoplasm, organelles, or any chromosomes

54
Q

What structures do viruses have?

A

They only have a core of nucleic acid (can be DNA or DNA) surrounded by a protein coat called the capsid

55
Q

What are the form of viruses outside a living cell? and how does this affect a virus?

A

Outside a living cell, a virus exists as a virion and is inert so they cannot reproduce or synthesise proteins without the use of a hosts cytoplasm

56
Q

What do viruses do when they invade a cell?

A

When viruses invade a cell, they can take over the host’s cells metabolism and multiply inside the host cell

57
Q

What is the magnification formula and what units should be used?

A

mag = image in mm / actual in mm

58
Q

What cells do multicellular organisms have?

A

specialised cells that form tissues and organs

59
Q

Give an example of an undifferentiated cell and where is it found? and what can it do?

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated in the embryo (non-specialised), so they can differentiate to form any tissue

60
Q

In mammals, what are the 4 main types of tissues?

A

nervous, connective, muscle and epithelial

61
Q

What does connective tissue do? and how are the cells contained?

A
  • Supports, connects and separates the different types of tissues and organs of the body
  • The cells are contained within an extracellular fluid that is surrounded by elastic and collagen fibres in an extracellular fluid
62
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle. smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

63
Q

What are skeletal muscles and what are they used for?

A

Skeletal muscle has bands of long cells or fibres giving powerful contraction, they are voluntary muscles

64
Q

What are smooth muscles and what are they used for?

A

Smooth muscle has individual spindle-shaped cells which contract rhythmically but are not powerful so they are found in walls of blood vessels, the digestive and respiratory tracts. They are involuntary muscles

65
Q

What are cardiac muscles and what are they used for?

A

Cardiac muscles are only found in the heart. The cells have stripes, but don’t have the long fibres of skeletal muscles. They contract rhythmically and do not tire

66
Q

What do epithelial tissues do?

A

They cover and line the body, they all sit on a basement membrane and the cells vary in shape

67
Q

What are the 3 shapes of epithelial tissue cells?

A

Cuboidal epithelium cells, columnar epithelium cells, squamous epithelium cells

68
Q

What are cuboidal epithelium cells and where are they usually found?

A

Cuboidal epithelium cells are cube shaped and the tissue is one cell thick. The tissue is usually found lining kidney tuvutes and the ducts of glands

69
Q

What are columnar epithelium cells and where are they found?

A

Columnar epithelium cells are rectangular and may have cilia present. They are found lining the trachea

70
Q

What are squamous epithelium cells and where are they found?

A

Squamous epithelium cells are flattened cells. They are found in the alveoli and the lining of arteries

71
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Organ systems are a group of organs working tiger to perform a particular role

72
Q

Give some examples of organ systems and what organs do they include

A
  • Digestive system (stomach, ileum, colon)
  • Circulatory system (heart, arties, capillaries and veins)
  • Excretory system (kidney bladder)
  • Respiratory system (trachea, lung)
  • Nervous system (brain, spinal cord)
73
Q

What is the order of levels of organisation?

A

Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems

Biology (9 decks)

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