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virology > arthropod-borne virus > Flashcards

arthropod-borne virus Flashcards

1
Q

acronym for arthropod-borne virus.

A

Arbovirus

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2
Q

___ known arboviruses, __pathogenic to human and___to animals

A

500
100
50

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3
Q

arthropods

A

mosquito,ticks,ffly,mites

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4
Q

aedes mosquito (near water) what disease?

A

dengue and yellow fever

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5
Q

culex mosquito (forest) what disease?

A

st louis encephalitis

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6
Q

primary infection in what cells

A

macrophage/monocytes

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7
Q

secondary viremia affects

A

brain,liver,vasculature,skin

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8
Q

3 families of arthropod

A

bunya
toga
flavi

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9
Q

family:
flavivirus
genus:
flavivirus\

what diseases?

A

St. Louis encephalitis virus, Yellow fever virus,

dengue virus, West Nile virus

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10
Q

fam:
Toga
genus:
alpha

A

Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western

equine encephalitis virus, Chikungunya virus

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11
Q

fam & genus:

bunya

A

California encephalitis virus

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12
Q

Bunyaviridae

4 virus

A

California encephalitis virus
• Rift valley fever virus
• Sandfly fever virus
• Hantavirus – no arthropod vector

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13
Q

Bunyaviridae

morphology

A
  • (-) ssRNA
  • 3 segments
  • Helical symmetry
  • All are arthropod-borne except Hantavirus
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14
Q

Bunyaviridae

clinical findings

A 
Fever
• Encephalitis
• Hemorrhagic fever + renal syndrome (Europe and Asia)
• Hemorrhagic fevers
o Hantavirus
o Sandfly/Rift valley fever virus
o Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
• Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
- Fever, muscle aches, cough, N/V, pulmonary edema leading to
respiratory failure
-80% mortality
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15
Q

bunya tx

A

ribavirin

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16
Q

bunya target organs

A 
cns 
liver
lungs
vasculature
endothelium
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17
Q

California encephalitis virus

TRANSMISSION: 
• MORTALITY: 
• INCUBATION: 
• DIAGNOSIS:
• CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:
A

culex mosquito, forests of North America

< 1%

3-7 days

RT-PCR in lung tissue

o Prodrome: fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, headache, lethargy,
abdominal pain (1-4 days)
o Fever, drowsiness, lack of mental alertness/orientation, seizures (50%
of children), focal neurologic findings, coma (10%)

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18
Q

hanta virus aka

A

Sin Nombre virus.

Korean hemorrhagic fever

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

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19
Q

hantavirus transmission:

mortality:

A

inhalation of infected rodent urine/feces

up to 50%

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20
Q

Togaviridae
alphavirus:
Western Equine encephalitis (WEE) from:

A

culex tarsalis mosquito

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21
Q

Togaviridae
alphavirus:
Eastern Equine encephalitis (EEE) from

A

aedes, culex

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22
Q

Togaviridae
alphavirus:
Venezuelan Equine encephalitis (VEE) from

A

Aedes, Psorophora, Culex

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23
Q

Togaviridae

rubivirus

A

no insect vector

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24
Q

Togaviridae
alphavirus:
morphology

A
  • (+) ssRNA
  • Non-segmented
  • Icosahedral symmetry
  • Replicates in the cytoplasm
  • Enveloped
  • Vector: insect for WEE, EEE, VEE
  • MOT: respiratory secretions, transplacental
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25
Q

Togaviridae
alphavirus:
clin findings

A
  • Headache and fever
  • Altered loss of consciousness
  • Focal neurologic deficits
  • rubella
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26
Q

Togaviridae
alphavirus:
lab dx

A

• Culture – can be grown in both vertebrate and mosquito cell lines but
difficult to isolation
• Cytopathologic studies
• Immunofluorescence
• Reverse transcriptase-PCR
• Serology – hemagglutination inhibition, ELISA, latex agglutination
o Presence of specific IgM or 4-fold rise in titer between acute and
convalescent sera indicate a recent infection

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27
Q

Togaviridae
alphavirus:
prevention/tx

A

• MMR vaccine
o Live attenuated
o 3 doses

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28
Q

Togaviridae
Alphavirus
-Chikungunya virus

morphology

A
  • (+) ssRNA
  • Non-segmented
  • Icosahedral symmetry
  • Replicates in the cytoplasm
  • Enveloped
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29
Q

Togaviridae
Alphavirus
-Chikungunya virus

vector

A

aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, culex fatigans

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30
Q

Togaviridae
Alphavirus
-Chikungunya virus

clin findings

A
  • Benign dengue-like syndrome

* Fever, arthralgia, maculopapular rash, leukopenia

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31
Q

Togaviridae
Alphavirus
-Chikungunya virus

prevention/tx

A
  • Supportive
  • Antipyretics
  • Bed rest
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32
Q

chikungunya meaning

A

Swahili for “that which bends up”

33
Q

Togaviridae
Alphavirus
-Chikungunya virus

dx

A

sero,pcr,viral culture

34
Q

Togaviridae
Rubivirus
-Rubella

  • aka
  • a _____ disease
  • transmission
  • peak incidence
  • IP
A

German measles, 3-day measles

mild

oral droplet and transplacental

5-14 years

14-21days

35
Q

Togaviridae
Rubivirus
-Rubella

clinical manifestation:
• Rash occurs__ days after exposure
• Prodrome: mild catarrhal symptoms (young children have prodromal
symptoms)
• 2/3: subclinical
• In adolescents and adults: eye pain, sore throat, headache
• Most characteristic sign: (4)
• _____ evident 24 hours before the rash and remain for 1
week or more
• _____: discrete rose spots on the soft palate (_____) à
coalesce à red blush extend over the face
• _____: erythematous, maculopapular and discrete
• Starts centrally and spreads centrifugally
• 2nd day: pinpoint appearance on the trunk
• 3rd day: eruption clears
• Rash is pruritic particularly in adults
• Pharyngeal mucosa and conjunctiva slightly inflames
• No photophobia
• Temperature elevation not marked (low-grade fever x 1-3 days)

A

17

retro-auricular, post-cervical and postoccipital
lymphadenopathy

Lymphadenopathy

Enanthem

Forchheimer spots

Exanthem

36
Q

Togaviridae
Rubivirus
-Rubella

Complications:
• Joint involvement
o ___ & ___ are the most common complications in
adolescents and adults
o Polyarthritis with arthralgia, swelling, tenderness with effusion x 2
weeks
o Small joints of the hands
o____ are affected 4-5 times more frequently than ____
• Thrombocytopenia
o Rare complication
o Occurring in 1 on 3000 cases
• Neurologic
o Encephalitis is a rare complication and occurs with greater
frequency in children
o Occurs in 1 per 6000 cases
o Observed 2-4 days after the onset of the rash
• Mild hepatitis
o Rarely reported complication of rubella

A

Arthralgia and arthritis

Females,males

37
Q

Togaviridae
Rubivirus
-Rubella

tx:\_\_\_\_
prevention:
• MMR vaccine
o \_\_\_months
o 2nd dose: \_\_\_\_years
o Females should be advised not to become pregnant 3 months
after receiving rubella vaccine
A

Supportive

12-15
4-6 years

38
Q

Togaviridae:
Congenital rubella syndrome

classic triad:

A

Sensorineural hearing loss
Ocular abnormalities
Sensorineural hearing loss

39
Q

Togaviridae:
Congenital rubella syndrome

§ Most common manifestation of congenital rubella syndrome
§ Occurs in approximately 58% of patients

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

40
Q

Togaviridae:
Congenital rubella syndrome

§ Cataract, infantile glaucoma, and pigmentary retinopathy
§ Occurs in approximately 43% of children

A

Ocular abnormalities

41
Q

Togaviridae:
Congenital rubella syndrome

§ Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and pulmonary artery stenosis
§ Present in 50% of infants infected in the first 2 months of
gestation

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

42
Q

Flaviviridae

2 virus

A 
• Hepatitis C virus
• Arboviruses:
o Dengue virus
o St. Louis encephalitis virus
o Yellow fever virus
o West Nile virus
o Zika virus
43
Q

Flaviviridae

morphology

A 
• (+) ssRNA
• Non-segmented
• Icosahedral symmetry
• Replicates in the cytoplasm
• Enveloped
• Vector is mosquito
o Aedes – Yellow fever, Dengue fever
o Culex – St. Louis, Japanese, West Nile encephalitis
44
Q 
Flaviviridae
clin findings:
yellow fever (3)
dengue/breakbone fever (2)
st louis japanese, west nile encephalitis (2)
A

hepatitis, fever, backache

painful fever, DHF

encephalitis, fever

45
Q

Flaviviridae

prevention/tx:__

A

mosquito control

46
Q

Flaviviridae
dx:
___
repeated infection,high risk of ___

A

viral culture/sero

DHF

47
Q 
Flaviviridae
Dengue Fever
-how many serotypes?
-acute febrile illness syndrome
-caused by arbovirus
A

4- DEN-1 to DEN 4

48
Q

Flaviviridae
Dengue Fever

Most common insect-borne viral disease in the world. t/f

A

t

49
Q

Flaviviridae
Dengue Fever

transmission

A

Bite of female mosquito (aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus)

50
Q

recognized by white markings on its legs and a

marking in the form of a lyre on the upper surface of its thorax

A

Aedes aegypti

51
Q

Flaviviridae
Dengue Fever

clinical findings

A

• Fever
• Maculopapular rash
• Myalgia/Arthralgia – “breakbone fever”
•Leukopenia/Thrombocytopenia/Inc hematocrit
• Lymphadenopathy
• Hemorrhagic shock is due to cross reacting antibody during the 2nd
infection

52
Q

Flaviviridae
Dengue Fever

diseases(2)

A
  • Dengue fever (breakbone fever)

- Dengue hemorrhagic fever, under this is hemorrhagic shick syndrome

53
Q

Influenza-like syndrome characterized by biphasic fever,

myalgia, arthralgia, rash, leukopenia and lymphadenopathy

A

Dengue fever (breakbone fever)

54
Q

Severe, often fatal, febrile disease characterized by capillary
permeability, abnormalities of hemostatic and protein-losing
shock syndrome

A

Dengue hemorrhagic fever

55
Q

_____is due to the production of large
of cross-reacting antibody at the time of a second dengue
infection (antibody-dependent enhancement)

A

Hemorrhagic shock syndrome

56
Q

course of dengue illness:
While the exact reason for the severity is still unknown, studies have
linked the severity to _____. This
theory was first described in 1964, when it was observed that serious
dengue infection was linked to secondary infection.

A

antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE)

57
Q

After a primary infection with one dengue virus serotype, the immune
system produces antibodies that bind and neutralize secondary
infection with the same serotype, however, a secondary heterotypic
infection may lead to enhance severity. t/f

A

t

58
Q

The antibodies produced from the primary infection have the ability to
bind to the virus but lack the ability to neutralize.t/f

A

t

59
Q

Flaviviridae
Dengue Fever

lab dx:
___: to detect gene product (NS1 glycoprotein) from day ___
until day __ from the onset of fever
• ____: to detect dengue viral genes (RNA) in acute phase serum
samples which coincide with the onset of viremia
• ___: marker of recent infection
• ___: marker of past infection; a fourfold increase confirms the
diagnosis
• ____: characteristic findings are thrombocytopenia with
leukopenia. A hematocrit level increase >20% is a sign of
hemoconcentration and precedes shock

A 
NS1 antigen
1
6
RT-PCR
Dengue IgM
Dengue IgG
CBC-PC
60
Q

Flaviviridae
Dengue Fever

prevention

A

• Insecticides
• Draining stagnant water
• Mosquito repellent
• Dengue vaccine
o Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV)
§ First licensed in Mexico on December 2015 for use in
individuals 9-45 y/o living in endemic areas
§ Live recombinant tetravalent dengue vaccine
§ Given as a 3-dose series on a 0/6/12-month schedule

61
Q

Flaviviridae
Japanese Encephalitis Virus

  • how many serotype?
  • vector
  • ___important source of viral amplification (some birds)
  • dead end host
  • prevalent among rural areas
A

1
culex mosquito
pigs
man

62
Q

Flaviviridae
Japanese Encephalitis Virus

clin findings

A
  • Fever
  • Rash
  • Myalgia/Arthralgia
  • Leukopenia/Thrombocytopenia
  • Lymphadenopathy
63
Q

Flaviviridae
Japanese Encephalitis Virus

complications

A
  • Aseptic meningitis or encephalitis
  • Fever, headache, nausea
  • Confusion, motor abnormalities
  • Seizures, respiratory failure
64
Q

Flaviviridae
Japanese Encephalitis Virus

dx

A

• (+) Serum JE-specific IgM (ELISA)
• (+) CSF IgM JE-specific (ELISA)
• Four-fold increase in titer between acute and convalescent-phase
serum by hemeagglutination inhibition (HAI)

65
Q

Flaviviridae
Japanese Encephalitis Virus

prevention

A

Japanese encephalitis virus vaccines

66
Q

Flaviviridae
Japanese Encephalitis Virus

tx

A
  • Supportive, CFR 10-35%

* Remember: immunity is permanent after single infection

67
Q

Togaviridae
West Nile Virus

transmission

A
  • Bite of culex mosquito
  • Reservoir: wild birds
  • Humans are the dead-end hosts.
68
Q

Most common cause of neuro-invasive arboviral disease

A

west nile virus

69
Q

Togaviridae
West Nile Virus

most important clinical picture:

A

encephalitis with or without signs of

meningitis (typically in >60 years of age)

70
Q

Togaviridae
West Nile Virus

Asymptomatic in 80%; fever and headache in 20%; encephalitis in 1%
t/f

A

t

71
Q

Togaviridae
West Nile Virus

lab dx

A

viral isol

pcr

72
Q

Togaviridae
West Nile Virus

tx

A

no antiviral therapy

73
Q

Togaviridae
Yellow fever virus

reservoir

A

monkey/human

74
Q

Togaviridae
Yellow fever virus

diseases
• Characterized by___&___
• Severe, life threatening disease that begins with sudden onset of fever,
headache, myalgias, and photophobia
• After this prodrome, the symptoms progress to involve the liver, kidneys,
and heart
• Prostration and shock occur, accompanied by ___ with ___

A

jaundice and fever

UGIT hemorrhage with
hematemesis (“black vomit”)

75
Q

Togaviridae
Yellow fever virus

lab dx

A

May see councilman bodies or apoptotic bodies (eosinophilic

apoptotic globules) on liver biopsy

76
Q

Togaviridae
Yellow fever virus

prevention

A
  • Mosquito control

* Vaccine containing live, attenuated yellow fever virus

77
Q

Togaviridae
Hepa C virus

transmission

A

parenteral, sexual, perinatal

78
Q

Togaviridae
Hepa C virus

PHASES OF ACUTE HEPATITIS:
o ____ – fever, malaise, anorexia
o _____ – nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, chills
o___ – jaundice, dark urine, increase in liver enzymes

A

Prodromal
Preicteric
Icteric

virology (5 decks)

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