arthrology of the foot

Question 1

what bones make up the hindfoot?

Answer 1

calcaneus and talus

Question 2

what bones make up the midfoot?

Answer 2

navicular, cuboid and 3 cuneiforms

Question 3

what bones make up the forefoot?

Answer 3

metatarsals and phalanges

Question 4

what is the classification of the subtalar joint?

Answer 4

synovial, simple, plane, multi-axial

Question 5

describe the articulation at the subtalar joint

Answer 5

-convex, anterior part of calcaneus
-concave posterior, inferior talus

Question 6

describe the capsule and synovium of the foot

Answer 6

-loose, fibrous capsule joins to all margins
- lined with synovial membrane
- capsular thickenings occur laterally, posteriorly and medially

Question 7

describe the interosseous ligament

Answer 7

-unites talus and calcaneus
- dense, fibrous tissue, incredibly strong
- anterior and posterior parts, both quadrilateral in shape, attaching from floor of sinus tarsi
- anterior fibres run superiorly and anteriorly and attach just behind head of talus
-posterior fibres run superiorly and posteriorly to attach in front of underside of talus

Question 8

where is the ligamentum cervicis

Answer 8

lateral end of sinus tarsi

Question 9

what is the role of the ligamentum cervicis

Answer 9

acts to limit inversion of the hindfoot

Question 10

what 2 joints make up the midtarsal joint?

Answer 10

calcaneocuboid and talocalcaneonavicular

Question 11

classify the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

Answer 11

synovial, compound, ball and socket, multi axial

Question 12

what are the ligaments of the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

Answer 12

• “spring ligament”
  -dorsal talovicular ligament
• bifurcate ligament

Question 13

describe the spring ligament

Answer 13

-plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
- thick dense, fibroelastic
- anterior / media sustentaculum tali to entire width inferior navicular
-resists inferior displacement of the talus

Question 14

describe the attachments of the dorsal talonavicular ligament

Answer 14

neck of talus to the dorsal surface of navicular

Question 15

classify the calcaneocuboid joint

Answer 15

synovial, simple, plain, multi-axial

Question 16

describe the bifurcate ligament and it’s attachments

Answer 16

completes socket laterally
attaches from upper, anterior calcaneus to adjacent navicular

Question 17

what are the main ligaments of the calcaneocuboid joint

Answer 17

-dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament
- bifurcate ligament
- short plantar calcaneocuboid ligament
- long plantar ligament

Question 18

describe the bifurcate ligament

Answer 18

-has 2 parts
-1 part attaches calcaneus to navicular
-other part attaches calcaneus to cuboid

Question 19

describe the short calcaneocuboid plantar ligament and it’s attachments

Answer 19

-strong and short
-blends with joint capsule inferiorly
-from rounded eminence on inferior calcaneus, attaches to inferior cuboid

Question 20

describe the location of the long plantar ligament in relation to the short plantar ligament

Answer 20

long ligament is superficial to the short, and is more lateral

Question 21

describe the attachments of the long plantar ligaments

Answer 21

-posteriorly attaches to calcaneal tuberosity
- fibres pass forwards
- deep fibres attach to the ridge of cuboid
- intermediate fibres attach beyond the groove of cuboid, forming an arch over peroneus longus
-superficial fibres attach to the bases of lateral 4 metatarsals

Question 22

what movements can occur at the subtalar and midtarsal joints

Answer 22

eversion and inversion

Question 23

what 2 movements make up inversion of the foot

Answer 23

adduction and supination

Question 24

what 2 movements make up eversion of the foot

Answer 24

abduction and pronation

Question 25

what are the functions of the arches of the foot

Answer 25

-distributes body weight to the weight bearing areas
-absorbs force and shock
- stores force for use in propulsion(windlass effect)
- provides safe passage for neurovascular structures for the foot

Question 26

name the bones that make up the medial longitudinal arch of the foot

Answer 26

1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform, navicular talus, calcaneus

Question 27

name the bones that make up the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot

Answer 27

5th metatarsal, cuboid, calcaneus

Question 28

name the bones that make up the transverse arch of the foot

Answer 28

navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms, bases of 1st -5th metatarsals

Question 29

what is the keystone of the transverse arch

Answer 29

base of 2nd metatarsal