Arthrology 8 Flashcards
How are joints classified functionally?
classified by the degree of movement permitted at the articulation
What features are used to determine structural classification of joints?
a) the presence/absence of a joint cavity
b) the kind of connective tissue that binds the bones together
What are the general classes of joints when structure is the determining factor?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
How is a fibrous joint classified functionally?
They are immovable (synarthroses).
Does a fibrous joint have a joint cavity?
No.
What is used to hold the articulating bones together in a fibrous joint?
Fibrous connective tissue.
List the 3 main types of fibrous joints and give an example of each.
- Sutural: sutures between the flat bones of the skull
- Syndesmosis:
a. white fibrous: interosseous membrane between r/u
b. yellow fibrous: ligamentum flavum b/t lamina - Gomophosis: root of tooth with bone
What are the two subgroups seen in the syndesmosis classification? Ex?
a. white fibrous: interosseous membrane between r/u
b. yellow fibrous: ligamentum flavum b/t lamina
How is a cartilaginous joint classified functionally?
Generally considered slightly movable (amphiarthrotic).
Does a cartilaginous joint have a joint cavity?
No.
What is used to hold the articulating bones together in a cartilaginous joint?
Primary: hyaline cartilage
Secondary: hyaline and fibrocartilage
What are the two main types of cartilaginous joints and how do they differ? Give an example of each.
Primary (synchondrosis) and secondary (symphysis) cartilaginous joints. The primary cartilaginous joint is typically temporary in nature (ie. epiphyseal plate/disc) and the secondary joint is permanent (intervertebral disc/pubic symphysis).
How is a synovial joint classified functionally? Does it have a joint cavity?
Diarthrotic (freely moveable).
Yes.
What is used to hold the articulating bones together in a synovial joint?
- A connective tissue capsule, the collagen fibers of which blend with the periosteum of the articulating bones
- ligaments (the collagen fibers of which also blend with the periosteum).
Make sure you can label a diagram of a typical synovial joint indicating its major anatomical components.
Joint capsule blue
Synovial membrane red
Articular cartilage purple
Intra-articular disc
What is a bursa and where might they be found?
A flattened sac lined by synovial membranes and filled with SF. They are located over certain diarthrotic joints and bony structures.
What is a specific function of a bursa?
To provide cushion and to allow free movement of skin over bony pertuberance.
What is bursitis and why is it clinically important?
Inflammation of the bursae. It is a clinically debilitating problem, limiting movement and activity.
What might restrict movements at an articulation?
Apposition of softy body parts
tension of ligaments
muscle tension
Be able to give an example of where the various types of movement might occur: Gliding Angular Rotation Circumduction Inversion/eversion Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion Protraction/retraction
Gliding: between carpal/tarsal bones angular: elbow/knee joint rotation: skull and C1 circumduction: upper limb at shoulder joint inversion/eversion: foot dorsiflexion/plantarflexion: foot protraction/retraction: mandible supination/pronation: forearm elevation/depression: mandible
How does structure reflect function with regard to movement at articulations? Give an example.
Shape of the articulating surfaces is the primary structural feature determining the degree of movement at any articulation. For example, flat surfaces (carpal bones) = limited movement, and concave/convex surfaces (knee joint) = free movement.
Be able to list the 6 different types of synovial joints and give an example of each.
- Gliding: carpal/tarsal bones
- hinge: elbow/knee joint
- pivot: proximal radius/ulna
- ellipsoidal: radius and carpal bones
- saddle: trapezium and metacarpal
- ball and socket: shoulder/hip joints
God has patience every Sunday brunch
What axiom is exhibited throughout these subgroups of synovial joints? What’s the big idea here?
Shape of articulating surfaces determines variable number of degree of freedom (movement).
