Arteries

Question 1

Branches of the arm

Answer 1

Subclavian -> axillary-> brachial -> radial -> ulnar

Question 2

Thoracic and Abdominal Arteries - Paired arteries

Answer 2

1- intercostal 
2- renal -> suprarenal 
3- gonadal
4- lumbar
5- common iliac
6- internal iliac
7- external iliac
9- femoral

Question 3

Thoracic and abdominal arteries - unpaired

Answer 3

1- celiac trunk (splenic, left gastric, common hepatic)
2- superior mesenteric
3- inferior mesenteric
4- median sacral

Question 4

Arterial branches of the leg

Answer 4

1- femoral
2- deep femoral
3-popliteal
4- anterior tibial
5- posterior tibial
6- fibular

Question 5

Arteries from aortic arch

Answer 5

1- brachiocephalic trunk: rt. Common carotid, rt. Subclavian (rt.vertebral artery, rt. Internal thoracic artery, becomes rt. Axillary after passing under the clavicle)
2- left common carotid 3- left subclavian

Question 6

Blood flow from heart

Answer 6

Aorta -> elastic artery -> muscular artery -> arteriole -> capillaries (continuous or fenestrated) -> venule-> medium-sized vein -> large vein -> vena cava

Question 7

Elastic arteries

Answer 7

• largest arteries
• conducting arteries between heart and muscular arteries
• high elastin content to allow them to stretch and recoil to dampen blood pressure changes resulting from heart contractions
• ex: aorta and its major branches

Question 8

Muscular arteries

Answer 8

• “Distributing arteries” distribute blood to the body organs
• thick muscular tunica media
• diameter of lumen changes to regulate blood flow to organs
• most of the named arteries

Question 9

Arteriole a

Answer 9

Primary resistance vessels, diameter is regulated by local tissues and the sympathetic nervous system

Question 10

Capillaries

Answer 10

Smallest vessels, endothelium only, gas nutrient and waste exchange

Question 11

Venules

Answer 11

Smallest veins, primary location of diapedesis

Question 12

Types of capillaries

Answer 12

-continuous: most common, muscle skin, thymus,lungs, CNS, mostly for gas exchange
-fenestrated: small openings allow for absorption of release of hormones and nutrients, found in small intestines, glands, kidneys.
Sinusoid: found in bone marrow, liver, spleen, allow RBC exchange (new or old)

Question 13

Veins

Answer 13

Return blood to heart.

• act as blood reservoir
• walls of veins are thinner than arteries
• low BP
• most veins have valves to prevent backflow and aid in movement of blood back to heart with help from skeletal muscle pumps.

Question 14

Varicose veins

Answer 14

Dysfunctional valves lead to pooling of blood in superficial limb veins, genetic predisposition, aging, strain that exhibits venous return. Hemorrhoid a are varicose veins of anorectal region

Question 15

Cardiovascular pressures

Answer 15

Arterial BP: 100 mmHg at entrance to aorta, 35 mmHg at start of capillary.
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP): pressure within walls, 35 mmHg at beginning and 18 mmHg at end
Venous pressure: 18 mmHg to 2 mmHg

Question 16

Total peripheral resistance

Answer 16

Vascular resistance: friction between blood and vessel walls due to vessel length (^ length = ^ friction), or vessel diameter (blood near wall encounters most friction, blood bear center doesn’t encounter frictions from walls.
Blood viscosity: blood 5x more viscous than water, polycythemia can increase this to 10x. Anemia will decrease viscosity.
Turbulence: caused by high flow rates, irregular surfaces, sudden changes in vessel diameter. Creates eddies and swirls, most common between atria and ventricles, ventricles and aortic and pulmonary trunks, or due to atherosclerosis plaques

Question 17

Arterial blood pressure

Answer 17

120/80 (systolic/diastolic)

Question 18

Pulse pressure

Answer 18

Systolic - diastolic

Question 19

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Answer 19

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

Question 20

Abnormal BP

Answer 20

Hypertension: greater than 140/90
Hypotension: below 90/60

Question 21

Venous return

Answer 21

Amount of blood arriving at the right atrium each minute