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Respiratory > Arterial Blood Gases > Flashcards

Arterial Blood Gases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bloods normal pH range?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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2
Q

What is the most important buffering system to maintain blood pH?

A

CO2/HCO3

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3
Q

What is the equation linking CO2 and HCO3?

A
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4
Q

What controls the retention and excretion of CO2 in this system?

A

Lungs

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5
Q

What controls the excretion and retention of HCO3 in this system?

A

Kidneys

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6
Q

What should CO2 be thought of as, in ABGs?

A

An acid

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7
Q

What should HCO3 be though of as, in ABGs?

A

A base

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8
Q

What is compensation?

A

The body’s efforts to correct pH imbalances

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9
Q

How far can compensation go?

A

Compensation will change pH in the right direction but will never be able to over compensate

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10
Q

What is meant by a metabolic acidosis (Acidaemia technically) ?

A

This is a condition in which there is an excess of H+ and thus not enough HCO3 to balance

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11
Q

What are some conditions that can lead to metabolic acidosis?

A

Lacticacidosis - Exercise
Renal failure
Sepsis
Diabetic ketoacidosis

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12
Q

How does the body compensate for a metabolic acidosis?

A

Too much acid on one side means that the body needs to get rid of acid on the other, by blowing off CO2, so respiratory rate increases

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13
Q

What are some signs of metabolic acidosis?

A

Increased H+
Reduced pH
Tachypnoea
HCO3 levels low

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14
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

This is an increase in pH caused by an accumulation of CO2, due to a decrease in lung function or problem with the mechanics of respiration

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15
Q

How does the body compensate for respiratory acidosis?

A

As there is now too much acid, the body increases levels of base, so the kidneys reabsorb more bicarbonate, back into the blood, this is a slow process

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16
Q

What are some signs of acute respiratory acidosis?

A

Reduced pH
Increased pCO2
Little change in bicarbonate concentrations (Slow)

17
Q

What are some signs of chronic respiratory acidosis?

A

Slightly reduced pH
Increased pCO2
Increased bicarbonate levels

18
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis?

A

This is a decrease in H+ levels due to a net loss of acid from the body, causing a surplus of base that can’t react

19
Q

How does the body compensate for metabolic alkalosis?

A

The body tries to hold on to extra acid, as CO2, so causes hypoventilation to retain CO2

20
Q

What is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis?

A

Vomiting

21
Q

What are some signs of metabolic alkalosis?

A

Elevated pH
Small increase in CO2 (Hypoventilation is relatively ineffective)

22
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

This is a lack of acid, due to a loss of CO2, usually caused by hyperventilation, as more CO2 is blown off

23
Q

What are some common causes of respiratory alkalosis?

A

Anxiety leading to hyperventilation
Pulmonary embolism
CNS disorders: stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage, encephalitis
Altitude
Pregnancy

24
Q

How does the body compensate for respiratory alkalosis?

A

Hyperventilation is usually only short lived, so the body doesn’t usually have time to compensate by excreting bicarbonate

25
Q

What are some signs of respiratory alkalosis?

A

Elevated pH
Hyperventilation
Little to no change in bicarbonate

26
Q

What is the normal PaO2 range in the body?

A

9.3 - 13.3 kPa

27
Q

What is the normal PaCO2 range in the body?

A

4.7 - 6 kPa

28
Q

What is base excess?

A

This is the amount of base that has been lost or gained

29
Q

What is shown by a positive base excess value?

A

A base excess > + 2mmol/l suggests a metabolic alkalosis or renal compensation for a respiratory acidosis

30
Q

What is shown by a negative base excess value?

A

A base excess < - 2mmol/l suggests a metabolic acidosis or renal compensation for a respiratory alkalosis

31
Q

What is meant by FiO2?

A

This is a measure of inspired oxygen concentration, so gives a percentage of the air a person is breathing that is oxygen

32
Q

What are some less common causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A

Diuretics
Liquorice, carbenoxolone
Hypokalaemia
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Cushing’s syndrome
Bartter’s syndrome

Respiratory (23 decks)

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