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Respiratory > Anatomy of breathing > Flashcards

Anatomy of breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main sections of the respiratory tract?

A

Upper respiratory tract (URT)
Lower respiratory tract (LRT)

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2
Q

What marks the boundary between the upper and lower respiratory tract?

A

The body of the C6 vertebra

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3
Q

What structures are contained in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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4
Q

What structures are contained in the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Right and left main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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5
Q

How many lobes does the left lung contain?

A

2 lobes

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6
Q

How many lobes does the right lung contain?

A

3 lobes

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7
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?

A

10

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8
Q

What does the left lung contain instead of a middle lobe?

A

The lingula of the upper lobe

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9
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx (Hypopharynx)

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10
Q

What does the larynx become at the C6 vertebral body?

A

The trachea

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11
Q

What does the pharynx become at the C6 vertebral body?

A

The oesophagus

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12
Q

At what level does the trachea first bifurcate?

A

At the level of the sternal angle or T4/5 vertebra

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13
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the right lung?

A

Upper (Superior) lobe
Middle lobe
Lower (Inferior) lobe

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14
Q

What are the 2 lobes of the left lung?

A

Upper (Superior) lobe
Lower (Superior) lobe

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15
Q

Which fissure separates the inferior lobe from the superior (+Middle) lobe?

A

The oblique fissure

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16
Q

Which tissue separates the middle lobe from the superior lobe on the right lung?

A

Horizontal lobe

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17
Q

What is special about the bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Each segment has its own blood, nerve air supply and lymphatic drainage

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18
Q

What is the main tissue type that lines the bronchopulmonary tree?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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19
Q

What is the function of the cilia of the respiratory epithelium?

A

They sweep mucous as well as any foreign bodies up towards the pharynx, where it can be swallowed - Mucociliary escalator

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20
Q

How can toxins in cigarettes cause a cough?

A

They can dry out the mucosa or the bronchial tree which interfered with the action of the cilia, therefore causing a cough to try and remove the excess mucous

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21
Q

What is a wheeze?

A

The sound of air passing through a constructed airway

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22
Q

What happens to the amount of cartilage in the walls of the bronchial tree as you move down it?

A

The amount of cartilage decreases as you move down the bronchial tree, until the alveoli, where there is no cartilage to maximise diffusion

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23
Q

What is required to ensure that enough O2 and CO2 can diffuse between the alveolus and the blood?

A

Sufficient functioning lung tissue
Sufficiency O2 in the air we breathe in
Almost no CO2 in the air we breathe in
Minimal thickness of alveolar walls
Minimal tissue fluid in the tissue spaces around alveolar capillaries

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24
Q

What are some factors that prevent air moving freely in and out of the lungs?

A

Constriction of bronchioles (e.g. asthma)
Swelling of mucosa lining the inside of the respiratory tree and overproduction of mucous (e.g asthma)
A growing tumour that compresses the tract
Inhalation of foreign bodies that can stop breathing

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25
Q

What are the 2 sections of the wall dividing the left and right nasal cavities?

A

Bony part
Cartilaginous part

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26
Q

What forms the bony part of the wall dividing the left and right nasal cavities?

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (Superiorly)
Vomer (Inferiorly)

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27
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavities?

A

The palate

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28
Q

What forms the roof of the nasal cavities?

A

the anterior cranial fossa

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29
Q

What are the 4 cartilages of the larynx?

A

Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
2x Arytenoid cartilage

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30
Q

What is the area behind the epiglottis known as?

A

Vallecula

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31
Q

What is the way into the larynx known as?

A

The laryngeal inlet

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32
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

When food enters the mouth, it closes the epiglottis and prevents food moving into the larynx

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33
Q

Which cartilage forms the adam’s apple

A

Thyroid cartilage

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34
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

Maintaining the patency of the URT
Prevents entry of foreign bodies into the URT
Production of sound via the vocal cords

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35
Q

Where are the vocal cords found?

A

Either side of the larynx, running between the thyroid cartilage anteriorly and the arytenoid cartilage posteriorly

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36
Q

What is the name of the narrowest part of the URT, between the vocal cords?

A

Rima Glottidis

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37
Q

What is the difference between phonation and articulation?

A

Phonation = Production of sound
Articulation = Production of speech

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38
Q

What are some problems that can arise if there is no movement of warm, moist, clean air into and out of our lungs?

A

Cooling and drying out of the respiratory tract can damage the mucociliary escalator and predisposes to infection
Breathing in foreign bodies can cause infection

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39
Q

What can be found on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

3 small projections known as conchae

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40
Q

What are the 3 conchae of the nasal cavities?

A

Superior concha
Middle concha
Inferior concha

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41
Q

What is found beneath each nasal concha?

A

A meatus, named after the concha above

42
Q

How is air humidified in the nasal cavity?

A

The respiratory epithelium of the nasal conchae secrete mucus which humidifies the air

43
Q

How is air cleaned in the nasal cavity?

A

Mucus helps to trap foreign particles
The tonsils also produce white blood cells which defend against infection

44
Q

How is air warmed in the nasal cavity?

A

The respiratory mucosa of the conchae has a very rich arterial blood supply which helps to warm the air

45
Q

What is the ring of tonsils in the nasopharynx and oropharynx known as?

A

Woldeyer’s ring

46
Q

What are tonsils and where are they found?

A

They are a part of the lymphatic system, located within the mucosal lining of the pharynx

47
Q

What are the main structures of the chest wall?

A

Skin
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Skeletal muscles
Skeletal structures
Diaphragm
Parietal pleura

48
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

49
Q

Which ribs are known as true ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7

50
Q

Which ribs are known as false ribs?

A

Ribs 8-10

51
Q

Which ribs are known as floating ribs?

A

Ribs 11 and 12

52
Q

What is the type of connection between the manubrium and the 1st rib?

A

A sternocostal articulation

53
Q

What is the joint found between the manubrium and the clavicle?

A

Sternoclaviclular joint

54
Q

What are the main features of a rib?

A

Head of the rib
Neck of the rib
Rib tubercle
Body/shaft
Costal groove
Sternal end

55
Q

What does the head of the rib articulate with?

A

The body of the vertebra of which it is named after, and the vertebra above it (e.g. rib 6 will articulate with T6 and T5)

56
Q

What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?

A

It articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra of which it is named

57
Q

Where is the neck of the rib located?

A

Between the head of the rib and the rib tubercle

58
Q

What is the function of the costal groove?

A

It is found on the inferior side of the rib and houses the intercostal neuromuscular bundle containing the intercostal nerve, artery and vein

59
Q

What does the sternal end articulate with?

A

The lateral aspect of the sternum via its costal cartilage

60
Q

What is the name of the joint between the rib and the vertebra?

A

Costovertebral joint (Synovial)

61
Q

What is the name of the joint between the rib and the costal cartilage?

A

Costochondral joint

62
Q

What is the name of the joint between the costal cartilage and the sternum?

A

Sternocostal joint

63
Q

What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscle?

A

External intercostal muscle
Internal intercostal muscle
Innermost intercostal muscle

64
Q

Where can the trachea be palpated?

A

At the jugular notch of the manubrium

65
Q

At what level of the trachea is the isthmus of the thyroid gland located?

A

Anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4

66
Q

What are the 2 main types of pleura?

A

Parietal pleura - In contact with the body wall
Visceral pleura - In contact with the lungs

67
Q

What is found between the 2 layers of pleura?

A

A pleural cavity containing a thin layer of pleural fluid

68
Q

How many intercostal spaces are there?

A

11

69
Q

What forms the intercostal nerve?

A

The anterior ramus of the spinal nerve

70
Q

Where does the intercostal artery supplying the posterior part of the intercostal space arise?

A

From the thoracic aorta

71
Q

Where does the intercostal artery supplying the anterior part of the intercostal space arise?

A

The left or right internal thoracic artery

72
Q

Where does blood from the posterior part of the intercostal space drain to?

A

Into the intercostal vein and then into the azygous vein

73
Q

Where does blood from the anterior part of the intercostal space drain to?

A

Into the intercostal vein and then into the internal thoracic vein

74
Q

What does the diaphragm allow to pass through?

A

The oesophagus, the aorta and the inferior vena cava

75
Q

What is unusual about the diaphragm as a muscle?

A

It has a central tendon

76
Q

Which dome of the diaphragm is more superior?

A

The right side due to the presence of the liver

77
Q

Where does the muscular part of the diaphragm attach peripherally?

A

The sternum
The lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages
The L1-3 vertebral bodies

78
Q

Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve formed from the anterior rami of C3,4 and 5

79
Q

What occurs during inspiration?

A

The diaphragm contracts and descends
The intercostal muscles contract, elevating the ribs
The chest walls pull the pleura with them, creating negative pressure in the lungs

80
Q

What occurs during expiration?

A

The diaphragm relaxes and rises
The intercostal muscles relax, lowing the ribs
Elastic tissue of the lungs recoils, allowing airflow out of the lungs

81
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the female breast?

A

Superolateral (Upper outer)
Superomedial (Upper inner)
Inferolateral (Lower outer)
Inferomedial (Lower inner)

82
Q

What are the features of the central region of a breast?

A

Nipple
Areola
Axillary tail (Superolateral quadrant only)

83
Q

What blood vessels supply the female breast?

A

Predominantly the internal thoracic artery, a branch of the subclavian
Some blood supply does come from the lateral mammary artery

84
Q

How is blood drained from the female breast?

A

It is predominantly drained by the internal thoracic vein, a branch of the subclavian vein
Some blood drainage is supplied by the lateral mammary vein

85
Q

How is lymph drained from the lateral quadrants of the female breast?

A

The lateral quadrants of the breasts are drained unilaterally into the axillary lymph nodes

86
Q

How is lymph drained from the medial quadrants of the female breast?

A

The medial quadrants of the breast are drained bilaterally into the parasternal nodes (Meaning both sides drains to both the right and left parasternal nodes)

87
Q

What are the main muscles of the anterolateral chest wall?

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Deltoid
Serratus anterior (Anchors scapula to ribs)
Latissimus dorsi

88
Q

Which vein runs in the delta-pectoral groove?

A

The cephalic vein

89
Q

How is the serratus anterior innervated?

A

It is supplied by a long thoracic nerve on its superficial surface, meaning it is vulnerable to injury

90
Q

What occurs if the long thoracic nerve supplying the serratus anterior is damaged?

A

The scapula will no longer be attached to the ribs, so a winger scapula will appear when the arm is pushed against a wall (Test)

91
Q

When does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

When it passes beyond rib 1

92
Q

What are the 4 parts of the parietal pleura?

A

Mediastinal parietal pleura - contact with mediastinum
Diaphragmatic parietal pleura - contact with diaphragm
Costal parietal pleura - contact with ribs
Cervical parietal pleura - moves up into the neck

93
Q

What is the inferior most crevice between the body wall and diaphragm called?

A

The costodiaphragmatic recess

94
Q

What is the tip of the costodiaphragmatic recess known as?

A

The costophrenic angle

95
Q

What is contained in the lung hilum?

A

1 main bronchus
1 pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins
lymphatics
visceral afferents
sympathetic nerves
parasympathetic nerves

96
Q

At what level is the horizontal tissue of the right lung found?

A

At the level of rib 4

97
Q

At what level is the oblique tissue of the right lung found?

A

Anteriorly at rib 6 then rising to T3 posteriorly

98
Q

At what level is the apex of the lung found?

A

At the medial 3rd of the clavicle

99
Q

At what level is the oblique fissure of the left lung found?

A

Anteriorly at rib 6 then rising to T3 posteriorly

100
Q

At what level are the lung bases posteriorly?

A

The level of the T11 vertebra

101
Q

Where is the scapula line found in surface anatomy?

A

The line passes through the lowest part of the scapula vertically

Respiratory (23 decks)

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