art unit 3

Question 1

What was the dominant religion of Europe from the beginning of Christianity until the 16th century

Answer 1

From the beginning of Christianity until the sixteenth century, Roman Catholicism was the dominant religion of Europe.

Question 2

What did the Pope do?

Answer 2

The Pope governed the Catholic Church and also played a powerful role in politics, society, and culture. Catholics believed that God appointed the Pope and that he could give pardons and guarantee salvation.

Question 3

What happened to the Church by the 16th century?

Answer 3

By the sixteenth century, due to its wealth and political power, the Church had developed many questionable practices.

Question 4

What led to the Reformation?

Answer 4

Widespread discontent prompted attempts to change such practices, which led to the Reformation.

Question 5

What did Protestant artists do that opposed from Catholic artists?

Answer 5

Protestants, on the other hand, turned away from a religious focus. These Reformation artists, such as Rembrandt van Rijn, dealt with new subjects or adapted traditional religious imagery to Protestant principles.

Question 6

What did Protestants believe?

Answer 6

Protestants believed that art did not need to have a religious purpose, as the Catholic Church dictated.

Question 7

What classes were Catholic art made for? What classes were Protestant art made for?

Answer 7

Also, Catholic art was created for the clergy and the ruling class; Protestant art was made to appeal to the working class.

Question 8

What did Protestant art depict?

Answer 8

Protestants believed that worshippers could connect with God without needing a priest’s intervention. This notion carries through to the subjects of their art, which depicted common people and everyday scenes.

Question 9

What concepts can be traced back to the Reformation?

Answer 9

Some concepts that we take for granted today, such as individualism, nationalism, secularism, and capitalism, can be traced back to the Reformation and its aftermath.

Question 10

What was a major idea of the Reformation?

Answer 10

A major idea of the Reformation was that God was present in every believer’s conscience. This notion meant that individuals should be responsible for their own actions and should not be dependent on the Church for their salvation

Question 11

What is nationalism, and how did Protestants appeal to the nationalism people held?

Answer 11

Nationalism is a sense of national pride and loyalty toward one’s country. Protestants in every country appealed to people’s national sentiments and, over time, established national Protestant churches.

Question 12

What did the Reformation do with Economic power from the Catholic Church?

Answer 12

The Reformation took economic power away from the Catholic Church and gave it to individuals.

Question 13

What is secularism, and what did the Reformation do to it?

Answer 13

Secularism is the belief that no religion should influence political or social policies. Until the sixteenth century, the Roman Catholic Church controlled all aspects of people’s lives. The Reformation fought to remove religious influences from politics, society, and education.

Question 14

When and how did the Reformation begin?

Answer 14

The Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany. A monk, Luther questioned the clergy’s right to grant salvation to those willing to pay for it. He believed in salvation by faith only.

Question 15

What were the protestants that followed Martin Luther’s ideas called?

Answer 15

The Protestants who followed his ideas were called Lutherans.

Question 16

What was the Counter-Reformation and where did it originate?

Answer 16

While the Reformation spread across northern Europe in the mid-sixteenth century, southern European countries experienced the Counter-Reformation. These countries rejected the Reformation and its new religions, wanting instead to reform the Catholic Church. Counter-Reformation organizations called for people to return to simple living and piety. They defended the value of religious art that depicted Christian imagery and icons.

Question 17

What was the Ignatius of Loyola?

Answer 17

Ignatius of Loyola, a visionary and staunch Catholic, started the Society of Jesus in the 1530s. This order of priests demanded strict, unquestioning obedience to the Roman Catholic Church. Ignatius of Loyola’s followers were called Jesuits.

Question 18

What happened between supporters of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation?

Answer 18

Religious chaos reigned in Europe between the supporters of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation.

Question 19

What did the Roman Catholic Church encourage artists to create art depicting? Why did this art decline?

Answer 19

The Roman Catholic Church encouraged artists to create religious art depicting Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and Biblical stories. However, with the Reformation, this art declined.

Question 20

How did Catholics and Protestants depict the sacred and secular?

Answer 20

Catholics believed there were sacred jobs, such as priest and nun, which were a divine “calling,” or vocation. Activities that most common people engaged in, such as business, were called secular and were considered distinctly nonreligious. The common person needed to go through the clergy or a sacred intermediary to reach God. That’s why Catholic artists focused on religious imagery and icons.
Protestants believed every person could reach God directly. They did not consider the sacred and secular different. All Christians believe God created humans in His image. Protestants argued that all human activities should be done to glorify God. In this belief, a secular vocation was God’s “calling” as much as a call to be a priest or a nun.

Question 21

How did art that grew from the Reformation differ from art that grew from the Counter-Reformation?

Answer 21

Art that grew from the Reformation and Counter-Reformation is very different. It reflects the contrasting beliefs of these movements. Protestants believed humans were made in God’s image, so the common man was the subject of their art. Catholics also believed humans were made in God’s image, but they thought that religious art helped develop greater understanding, communication, and more devout worship of Jesus, Mary, and the Saints. These subjects were real historical figures, also created in God’s image.

Question 22

How did Catholics of the Counter-Reformation defend their art?

Answer 22

Catholics of the Counter-Reformation defended their art by citing the Incarnation, which is the belief that God became man through his son, Jesus Christ. Just as people are made in God’s image, Christ was a representation of God. To supporters of the Counter-Reformation, condemning religious images (as the Protestants did) meant denying the Incarnation and the belief that humans are created in God’s image.

Question 23

What is the printing press, and how did it affect the art market?

Answer 23

A new invention, the printing press helped make art more affordable and brought it within reach of the middle class. While artists continued creating commissioned works for the wealthy, the common people began buying small paintings and prints. And for the first time, a truly commercial, and mostly secular, art market surfaced in northern Europe.

Question 24

What did Reformation art sometimes feature?

Answer 24

Reformation art sometimes depicted bawdy images.

Question 25

What did Reformation art include stories of, and why were these works acceptable?

Answer 25

Reformation art also included stories from the Old Testament of the Bible. These works were acceptable because they didn’t include images of Jesus Christ.

Question 26

When did baroque art come to be, and were did it originate from and then spread to?

Answer 26

Baroque art emerged in the late sixteenth century and was linked to the Counter-Reformation. It originated in Italy and spread to France, Germany, The Netherlands, and Spain.

Question 27

What was the style of baroque?

Answer 27

The style was predominantly Catholic, and the Church commissioned the artists. Baroque art was ornamental and complex. It was very distinct from the simplicity of Protestant art. Baroque artists, whether painters, sculptors, or architects, poured emotion, movement, and diversity into their work.

Question 28

Who are among the most famous Baroque artists?

Answer 28

Michelangelo and Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini are among the most famous Baroque artists.

Question 29

What did baroque architects design?

Answer 29

Baroque architects designed highly decorative and complex buildings that asserted the owner’s importance in the society.

Question 30

Why did the Counter-Reformation employ the baroque style?

Answer 30

The Counter-Reformation employed the baroque style for its emotional, realistic, and dramatic qualities.

Question 31

What does the word baroque mean?

Answer 31

The word baroque means decorative or elaborate. It originates from the Portuguese word barocca, which means a pearl of irregular shape, implying strangeness, extravagance, and irregularity. In the context of baroque art, baroque simply means extravagant.

Question 32

What are characteristics of baroque art?

Answer 32

Movement, energy, and drama,
Use of bright colors and light and shadow, Intense spirituality, Involving the viewer:

Question 33

What did baroque architects emphasize?

Answer 33

Baroque architects emphasized size and splendor. Their buildings were huge and lavishly decorated. They also used light and shadow for a dramatic effect in the interiors. Baroque churches thus made a visible statement about the power and wealth of the Catholic Church.

Question 34

What are some characteristics of baroque.

Answer 34

Some characteristics of baroque architecture include
broad, circular forms
dramatic use of light and shadow
heavy ornamentation
huge frescoes, especially on the ceilings

Question 35

How was the Dutch baroque movements differ from others?

Answer 35

Rather than focus on religion, Dutch society focused more on home, family, business, social organizations, and the community.

Question 36

Does baroque art differ completely from late Renaissance art?

Answer 36

Well, no!

Question 37

How are baroque art and Late Renaissance art similar?

Answer 37

Late Renaissance art uses exaggerated and emotional subjects and dramatic lighting similar to what was to come in the baroque era. In the baroque era, the emphasis on the emotional impact of art on the viewer (called emotionalism) scales exceptional heights. During the Renaissance itself, the subjects of paintings begin to take on true human forms with defined personalities and emotional expressions on their faces. Baroque art takes this characteristic of Renaissance art to a higher level.

Question 38

How did baroque art differ from Late Renaissance art?

Answer 38

Yet, baroque art is not just an extension of the Renaissance. Renaissance art stresses the calm of reason. Subjects appear as if they are relaxing or thinking. Baroque art stresses emotion, energy, and movement. Subjects seem to move out of the picture frame toward the viewer. The viewer feels as if he is looking at a theatrical performance.
Colors are also richer and brighter in baroque art than in Renaissance art. There is greater contrast between colors and between light and dark.
snow. In the Late Renaissance, art became increasingly realistic. Baroque art leans toward naturalism, or actual representation of people, places, and objects. Baroque art is meant to seem alive. Renaissance architecture seeks classic simplicity. In contrast, baroque architecture favors ornamentation, the richer and more complex the better.

Question 39

What happened in the eighteenth century?

Answer 39

In the late eighteenth century, three revolutions took place: the Industrial Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution. These revolutions forever changed how people thought and lived. They brought on a new era called the modern age. The modern age is marked by an atmosphere in which people began to challenge traditional values, became more open to peoples and cultures different from their own, and developed a more rational and scientific attitude

Question 40

What is the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 40

The Industrial Revolution was most influential of the three revolutions in bringing about these changes.
Following the Industrial Revolution, the demand for industries and factories led to technological advancement and better transportation, which created new jobs for people. Routine scientific inventions helped industries to develop further.

Question 41

What happened when commercial galleries and business-class collectors began to buy art?

Answer 41

As commercial galleries and business-class collectors began to buy art, artists became independent of the royalty and churches that had previously supported them. Their choices of subjects and styles reflected this new independence. For example, many painters began to paint real images of ordinary people working in harsh conditions. As a result, art became more diverse, and new styles of painting emerged one after another.

Question 42

What result did the Industrial Revolution have on art?

Answer 42

The Industrial Revolution brought advances in technology, government, and industry. Art and culture also began to flourish, and many new unique art styles emerged. Artists began to question—and eventually refused to follow—the old art styles. They began to innovate and experiment with different methods of painting and thus set the foundation for different art principles and styles.

Question 43

What are the three main principles of modern art, and what do they mean?

Answer 43

The three main principles of modern art are realism, expressionism, and abstraction. Realism means showing subjects as they appear in daily life. In expressionism, the artist tends to alter the visual elements of a painting, including the subject, to convey intense emotions. In abstract art, the image is difficult or impossible to identify. The word abstract itself means “difficult.” Abstract artists care little about the accurate representation of form or object but concentrate instead on the overall effect of the composition using line, color, and form.

Question 44

What desire led to impressionism?

Answer 44

In the latter part of the nineteenth century, a group of painters opposed some of the principles of earlier art styles that decreed that art should reflect what is in the mind. These painters wanted their art to leave “impressions” in the mind of the viewer and reflect what was actually happening. This desire led to impressionism.

Question 45

Why did impressionists apply colors in patches of small brush strokes?

Answer 45

Instead of mixing colors thoroughly, they applied colors in patches of small brush strokes, which made their paintings lively descriptions when seen from a distance.

Question 46

What artist was an impressionist at first, then rejected impressionism because he felt it didn’t provide enough freedom to fully express his feelings?

Answer 46

Van Gogh was an impressionist in the beginning, but he rejected impressionism as he found that the style did not provide enough freedom to fully express his feelings. He strongly wanted to share personal feelings and insights with the viewer.

Question 47

What did symbolists do? What did they recognize?

Answer 47

Symbolists used vague forms and symbols to create imaginative suggestions. They recognized that color and composition were expressive in themselves.