Art Flashcards
This field of study centers on the
social, cultural, and economic
backgrounds of a work of art.
art history
This historical discipline is closely
linked with anthropology, history,
and sociology.
art history
This philosophical field centers on
the expression of beauty.
aesthetics
Art criticism uses this tool to explain
current art events to the public.
press
Tattoos are an example of this type
of art.
body art
This method of art analysis centers
on the visual aspects of the artwork.
formal analysis
Formal analysis requires excellency
in these two skills.
observation and description
This method of art analysis
examines the context of an artwork
for understanding.
contextual analysis
Art historians using this method
would analyze matters such as the
physical location and cost of an
artwork.
contextual analysis
Art historians emphasize this type of
development when analyzing a work
of art.
chronological
This method of art study compares
two artworks to understand stylistic
differences between them.
comparative
This method of examination is highly
preferred by historians when first
analyzing an artwork.
direct examination
Art historians cannot accurately
examine the scale and three-
dimensional properties of this artistic
style in reproductions.
sculpture
Art historians will consult these two
draft materials to further their
analysis.
sketches and preparatory
models
Art historians use this method of
study for cultures that have a more
oral history.
interviews
Art historians can study masquerade
traditions in this location.
West Africa
Art history as an academic discipline
emerged in this century.
mid-eighteenth
This ancient Roman historian
analyzed historical art in his work
Natural History.
Pliny the Elder
Pliny the Elder created this text that
examined historical and
contemporary art.
Natural History
This Renaissance artist compiled
biographies of Italian artists in The
Lives of the Artist.
Giorgio Vasari
This German scholar focused on
stylistic development and historical
context.
Johann Joachim
Winckelmann
Feminist historians claim that
traditional art history focused on this
demographic.
white men
Art history has included these three
ideologies in recent years.
Marxism, feminism, and
psychoanalytic methods
Art historians consider these three
materials to be enduring.
stone, metal, and fired clay
Art historians consider these two
materials to be perishable.
wood and fibers
This coastal North African country
has the ideal conditions for art
preservation.
Egypt
Egypt’s climate has these conditions
which make it favorable for art
preservation.
hot and dry
The humid climate of this region of
Africa makes art preservation very
difficult.
West Africa
Art in the sites of these two regions
of the Americas is largely
unexplored.
Central and South America
Cave paintings in this cave are
considered the one of the oldest
works of art.
Chauvet Cave
Chauvet Cave paintings date from
this period.
Old Stone Age
These two materials were used to
depict animals in the Chauvet Cave.
ochre and charcoal
Art in the Lascaux and Altamira
caves depicts these five animals.
horses, bears, lions, bison,
and mammoths
Female figures in the Old Stone Age
tended to have exaggerated
characteristics in these three areas.
bellies, breasts, and pubic
This Old Stone Age statue
exemplifies the stone female figure
of the era.
Venus (or Woman) of
Willendorf
The Venus of Willendorf is this
height.
four and one-eighth inches
Cave dwellers tended to relocate
from their caves in this stone age.
Middle Stone Age
This subject of rock shelter paintings
differentiates them from cave
paintings.
humans
Art historians date formations of
rings of rough-hewn stones to as
early as this time.
4000 BCE
Megaliths could measure up to this
height.
seventeen feet
Megaliths could weigh up to this
amount.
fifty tons
Art historians coined this word to
describe “great stones”.
megaliths
This location features one of the
most well-known megalith
arrangements.
Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire,
England
This form of sandstone is used to
create the rings of Stonehenge.
sarsen
The heel-stone of Stonehenge is in
this direction.
northeast
Many surviving artifacts have come
from these three structures.
burial chambers, caves, and
tombs
Mesopotamian civilizations arose
between these two rivers.
Tigris and Euphrates
Sumerian life revolved around this
cultural feature.
religion
This term refers to the stepped
pyramids of Sumerian.
ziggurats
This ruler conquered the cities of
Sumer around 2334 BCE.
Sargon of Akkad
Rather than centering around a king,
Akkadian culture was based on this
entity.
city-state
The Guti ruled over Mesopotamia for
this number of years.
fifty
Ziggurats primarily served as these
institutions.
temples
This ruler led the city-state of
Babylonia around 1800 BCE.
Hammurabi
This Babylonian law is the oldest
legal code in human history.
Code of Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi is
preserved in this museum.
Louvre Museum
Hammurabi claimed inspiration from
this god when creating the Code of
Hammurabi.
Shamash
The Assyrians dominated this
geographical era during the rise of
Sumerian, Akkadian, and
Babylonian civilizations.
North Mesopotamia
Assyrian artwork mostly took the
form of this artistic style.
relief carvings
The ziggurat of the temple of Bel is
known by this name.
Ishtar Gate
The Persian Empire ruled in this
present-day country.
Iran
The palace at Persepolis includes
these three materials.
stone, brick, and wood
This civilization created the portrait
head of Queen Nefertiti.
Ancient Egyptian
This art style bases the relative sizes
of objects based on status.
hierarchical scale
This Egyptian relic demonstrates
hierarchical scale.
Palette of King Narmer
King Narmer holds this part of a
fallen enemy in the Palette of King
Narmer.
hair
This art style represents figures so
that each body part is clearly visible.
fractional representation
This Egyptian king’s tomb remained
intact until 1922.
Tutankhamun
These two types of materials
decorated King Tutankhamun’s
tomb.
blue glass and semiprecious
stones
The kingdom of Nubia is in this
direction in relation to Egypt.
south
These three major cultures thrived
on the Aegean Island.
Cycladic, Minoan, and
Mycenaean
The art of this culture featured
simplified, geometric nude female
figures.
Cycladic
This culture replaced the Cycladic
culture on the island of Crete.
Minoan
The Minoans were primarily known
for this artistic style.
naturalistic pictorial
These three qualities characterized
Minoan palaces.
light, flexible, and organic
This ancient Greek culture was
skilled in creating elaborate tombs
and relief sculptures.
Mycenaean
Greeks in the Archaic Period created
sculptures using these two
materials.
marble and limestone
This style of Greek vase featured
figures set against a floral
background.
Corinthian
Early Classic Period sculpture is
significant for these three
characteristics.
solemnity, strength, and
simplicity
This Greek term means “counter
positioning”.
contrapposto
This Greek pose features a standing
figure with its weight shifted to one
leg.
contrapposto
This Middle Classical structure was
restored in 447 BCE.
Parthenon
This Greek period mixed Greek
styles with those of Asia Minor.
Hellenistic
These two freestanding sculptures
exemplified the Hellenistic Period.
Venus de Milo and Laocoon
Group
This civilization’s art mixes Greek
and Roman styles.
Etruscan
In Etruscan ceramic models, temple
roofs have these two characteristics.
tiled and gabled
Many Etruscan paintings depict
figures doing these two activities.
playing music and dancing
The Romans were one of the first
civilizations to make advances in
these two civic design areas.
architecture and engineering
Roman discovery of this material
greatly advanced the field of
architecture.
concrete
The Romans used this architectural
form to build bridges and aqueducts.
curved arch
The Colosseum and the Pantheon
are engineering marvels of this
civilization.
Roman
Roman relief sculptures frequently
portrayed these two subjects.
emperors and military
victories
This style often characterized
Roman funerary sculptures.
idealistic
Byzantium is best known for this
type of art.
mosaic
Art historians are particularly
interested in studying the mosaics of
this Italian city.
Ravenna
This piece of Byzantine architecture
is considered one of the great
architectural works in history.
Hagia Sophia
This group preserved most of the art
of the medieval period.
Church
In the medieval era, only these two
social classes had formal education.
noble and clergy
The Book of Kells and the
Coronation Gospels are examples of
this type of medieval art.
illuminated manuscripts
Nomadic Germans of the early
medieval period were known for this
art form.
metalwork
Medieval German metalwork was
most notable for these three
characteristics.
abstract, decorative, and
geometric
This medium was central to Viking
art.
wood
This term refers to the combination
of Viking, Anglo-Saxon England and
Celtic Ireland artistic styles.
Hiberno-Saxon
This architectural style refers to the
use of Roman arches in medieval
churches.
Romanesque
The church of Saint-Sernin is in this
French city.
Toulouse
This arch-shaped architectural
structure is used as a ceiling or
support for a roof.
vault
This type of vault is a tunnel of
arches in Romanesque churches.
barrel
This European art style was popular
from the twelfth century to the
sixteenth century.
Gothic
This architectural feature provided
an upward sense to Gothic interiors.
pointed arches
This type of vault is a framework of
thin stone ribs or arches.
ribbed
Gothic architects developed this
technique to counteract the
downward and outward pressures of
the barrel vault arches.
flying buttresses
This French Gothic cathedral
exemplifies the flying buttress.
Chartres Cathedral
This artist mastered the transition
between the Gothic and
Renaissance styles.
Giotto di Bondone
Giotto di Bondone used this type of
perspective in his works.
simple
Giotto di Bondone specialized in this
art form.
frescoes
This Renaissance development led
to accumulation of fortunes by
wealthy families.
paper money
This often-condescending term
referred to painters and sculptors
prior to the Renaissance.
artisans
In 1401, this artist won the city of
Florence’s competition to design the
doors for the new baptistery.
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Lorenzo Ghiberti depicted this
biblical event in his door panel
design.
sacrifice of Isaac
Michelangelo referred to Ghiberti’s
second set of doors by this name.
Gates of Paradise
This artist first developed linear
perspective.
Filippo Brunelleschi
The painter Masaccio used these
two perspectives in his frescoes.
linear and aerial
This Renaissance artist is
considered the founder of modern
sculpture.
Donatello
Donatello is best known for this
bronze statue.
David
This painting is Botticelli’s best-
known work.
The Birth of Venus
These two Renaissance artists are
considered models for the
“Renaissance Man”
Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo
These two Leonardo di Vinci
paintings are considered icons of
modern culture.
The Last Supper and the
Mona Lisa
Leonardo di Vinci pioneered this
painting technique.
sfumato
“Sfumato” stems from this root word.
fumo
Michelangelo created this marble
sculpture as part of a contest in
Florence.
David
Michelangelo’s David was sculpted
out of this material.
marble
This Pope asked Michelangelo to
design his tomb in 1505.
Julius II
Michelangelo sculpted these three
statues for the Pope.
Moses, The Dying Slave,
and The Bound Slave
This papal action was one of the
biggest disappointments of
Michelangelo’s career.
cancellation of the
commission to design the
Pope’s tomb
Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to
decorate the ceiling of this chapel.
Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo spent this number of
years to decorate the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel.
four
four
The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
covers this number of square yards.
seven hundred
This artist was considered Raphael
Sanzio’s older rival.
Michelangelo
Raphael painted this fresco as
tribute to the great Greek
philosophers and scientists.
School of Athens
The Sistine Madonna depicts this
biblical character.
Virgin Mary
This Giorgione painting featured the
landscape as the subject of the
painting.
The Tempest
This artist is considered to have
been the greatest colorist of the
Renaissance.
Titian Vecelli
These two objects are examples of
Titian’s the backdrop elements.
column and curtain
Tintoretto is often associated with
this artistic style.
Mannerism
This artistic technique refers to
dramatic contrasts between light and
dark.
chiaroscuro
This sixteenth-century religious
event greatly influenced art of the
time.
Reformation
Dominikos Theotokopoulos is
commonly known by this nickname.
El Greco
El Greco moved from Italy to this
location in 1576.
Toledo, Spain
The detail of Northern Renaissance
artists could be described with this
adjective.
realistic
The realistic detail of northern
European artists was mainly due to
the use of this new medium.
oil paints
These two figures are considered
the greatest artists of the Northern
Renaissance.
Matthias Grünewald and
Albrecht Dürer
This number of Grünewald’s works
still exist today.
ten
Grünewald depicted this biblical
event in the Isenheim Altarpiece.
Christ’s crucifixion
The Isenheim Altarpiece consisted
of this number of panels.
nine
Albrecht Dürer created this woodcut
in 1498.
The Four Horsemen of the
Apocalypse
This artist is one of the greatest
Renaissance portraitists.
Hans Holbein the Younger
Holbein was a court painter to this
English king.
Henry VIII
This artistic period included artwork
from the late sixteenth century
through the mid-eighteenth century.
Baroque
The ruling class in the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries believed
their power to be this type of right.
divine
This Austrian ruler dominated the
lives of her subjects during the
Baroque era.
Maria Theresa
This Enlightenment thinker
documented the social inequality of
the Baroque era.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The name of this art period alludes
to the rich colors and great
ornamentation of the art of the
period.
baroque
Baroque painters used this
technique to make subjects appear
to be in the spotlight.
chiaroscuro
This Baroque painter was widely
known for his dramatic contrasts of
light and dark.
Caravaggio
Caravaggio was from this country.
Italy
This term often refers to
Caravaggio’s extreme contrasts of
dark and light.
caravaggesque
Caravaggio often depicted these two
biblical figures.
Virgin Mary and apostles
This female artist was one of the
most prominent Baroque artists.
Artemisia Gentileschi
Artemisia Gentileschi often painted
these two subjects.
herself and Old Testament
women
The Pope recognized this Baroque
artist at the age of seventeen.
Gianlorenzo Bernini
This artwork is considered Bernini’s
most important masterpiece.
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa stands
in the altar of this chapel.
Cornaro Chapel
Peter Paul Rubens established a
huge workshop in this location.
Flanders
This 1642 portrait is considered
Rembrandt van Rijn’s best-known
work.
The Night Watch
This ruler built the grand palace at
Versailles in 1669.
Louis XIV
This system refers to Louis XIV’s
method of selecting artists to
support.
Salon
This court painter served the
Spanish court of King Philip IV.
Diego Velázquez
This subsequent artistic style is
considered an extension of the
Baroque period.
Rococo
Rococo works emphasized these
ideas.
gaiety, romance, and frivolity
Jean-Antoine Watteau is considered
the creator of this genre of painting.
fête galante
Madame Pompadour favored this
Rococo painter.
François Boucher
This artist studied with Boucher and
found favor with Madame
Pompadour.
Jean Honoré Fragonard
This 1789 revolution emphasized
democratic ideals that the artwork of
the time reflected.
French Revolution
This artistic style represented a
revival in classical Greek and
Roman art.
Neoclassicism
Jacques-Louis David painted this
work that demonstrated republic
values.
Oath of the Horatii
This artist painted Oath of the Horatii
in 1784.
Jacques-Louis David
David became a dedicated painter to
this leader.
Napoleon Bonaparte
This pupil of Jacques-Louis David
was also a prominent Neoclassical
artist.
Jean-Dominique Ingres
Jean-Dominique Ingres
demonstrated these four
Neoclassical characteristics.
sharp outlines, unemotional
figures, geometric
composition, and rational
order
This artistic style shared
characteristics with the emotional
Baroque style but with a differing
subject matter.
Romanticism
This Romantic artist was considered
Ingres’s rival.
Eugène Delacroix
Romantic artists valued this idea
over reason.
feeling
These two artists also exemplified
the Romantic style.
Théodore Gericault and
William Blake
This artistic style was considered a
reaction to Neoclassicism and
Romanticism.
Realism
This Realist artist showed a painting
of ordinary workmen repairing a road
at the Salon.
Gustave Courbet
Gustave Courbet created this
conventional painting beginning in
1849.
The Stonebreakers
The Stonebreakers alluded to the
series of revolutions in Europe that
began in this year.
1848
These two artists frequently used the
Realist style.
Honoré Daumier and Jean
François Millet
This artistic style developed from
dissatisfaction with the rules of the
Salon.
Impressionism
This artist is considered to be the
first Impressionist.
Édouard Manet
Manet included this painting in the
Salon des Refusés in 1863.
Luncheon on the Grass
The woman in the Luncheon on the
Grass is in this state of dress.
nude
This 1872 Monet work gave
Impressionism its name.
Impression, Sunrise
Impressionist artists captured this
type of stroke to capture quickly
changing light.
rapid
Paul Cézanne attempted to redefine
art in terms of this artistic element.
form
This artistic element unified most
Post-Impressionists.
color
This artist emphasized the scientific
rules regarding colors.
Georges Seurat
Vincent van Gogh focused on
capturing the light in this region of
France.
southern France
Van Gogh believed that artist’s
colors should portray this feature of
life.
inner human emotion
Paul Gauguin spent time in this
profession before pursuing art.
stockbroker
Gauguin traveled to this location in
pursuit of more intense colors and
an “unschooled” style.
Tahiti
Edgar Degas utilized this type of
perspective in his work.
Japanese-like
This group of artists mixed
Romantic, archaic, and moralistic
elements to create a unique style.
Pre-Raphaelites
This artistic style featured leaves
and flowers with flowing and curvy
lines.
Art Nouveau
Post-Impressionists that emphasized
arbitrary color were given this name.
fauves
These two artists collaborated to
pioneer Cubism.
Pablo Picasso and Georges
Braque
Cubists drew inspiration from the art
of this continent.
Africa
Die Brücke consisted of these two
artists.
Ernst Ludwig and Emil Nolde
This artistic style refers to when the
inner functions of the mind can be
seen in a work of art.
Expressionism
Piet Mondrian utilizes this type of
canvas consisting of primary color.
De Stijl
The Barnes Foundation arranged
this major display of modern art in
1913.
Armory Show
This Marcel Duchamp artwork
appeared at the Armory Show.
Nude Descending a
Staircase
These two adjectives describe the
figures in Brancusi’s The Kiss.
abstracted and block-like
This New York City neighborhood
became a hub for African-American
innovation during the 1920s.
Harlem
This post-World War I movement
arose from disillusionment with the
war.
Dada
Duchamp’s LHOOQ in 1919 was a
reproduction of this famous artwork.
Mona Lisa
This category of art created by
Duchamp refers to ordinary objects
with new contexts.
ready-mades
The theories of this psychologist
influenced Surrealists.
Sigmund Freud
This school of design developed in
Germany between the First and
Second World Wars
Bauhaus
This graphic artist and designer of
the Bauhaus faculty travelled to the
United States to teach.
Josef Albers
Government-sponsored art during
World War II mainly served for this
purpose.
propaganda
This 1940s style of art emphasized
direct feelings, dramatic colors, and
sweeping brushstrokes.
Abstract Expressionism
These types of Abstract
Expressionist paintings consisted of
broad areas of color and simple
geometric forms.
Color Field paintings
These two artists are well-known for
their color field paintings.
Mark Rothko and Josef
Albers
Jasper John’s work often included
these four common elements.
flags, numbers, maps, and
letters
This twentieth-century artist created
sculptures from objects around him
and coined them “combines”.
Robert Rauschenberg
Rauschenberg created this work in
1959 featuring many “found” items.
Monogram
This style of art included images of
mass culture in the 1960s.
Pop Art
This pop artist recreated comic book
imagery on a large-scale using
patterns of dots.
Roy Lichtenstein
This artistic style focused on simple
form and monochromatic colors.
Minimalism
Dan Flavin used this medium in his
minimalist works.
neon tubing
This version of realism emphasizes
a sharp focus on the subject.
Photorealism
This artist famously worked with
Christo to create environmental art.
Jeanne-Claude
Christo built a cloth fence in
California that was this number of
miles long.
twenty-four
This performance art group utilizes
guerrilla-warfare tactics to fight
against the art world they see as
dominated by white men.
Guerrilla Girls
The Guerrilla Girls wear these types
of masks to conceal their identities.
gorilla
Architect Philip Johnson is a
proponent of this art style.
Postmodernism
Philip Johnson was at one time
considered one of the leading
modern architects of this style.
International Style
Philip Johnson added a finial for
decoration to this building.
the AT&T building (1984),
now 550 Madison Avenue
This Bauhaus idea dominated
architecture before Philip Johnson
and the International Style.
form follows function
The remains of painted wares from
China date back to approximately
this date.
the fourth millennium BCE
This person was the first to unite the
Chinese kingdom.
the Emperor of Qin
The sculptures the Emperor of Qin
had created of his soldiers were
made of this material.
clay
The sculptures the Emperor of Qin
had created of his soldiers were
made of this material.
clay
The dynasties succeeding Qin were
known for these types of artworks.
bronze statues and
ceremonial vessels
This dynasty is often referred to as
the Chinese Golden Age.
Tang Dynasty
Art historians still do not understand
this aspect of the intricately
designed vessels from ancient
China.
the methods of casting
Traditional Chinese art placed a high
value on this type of drawing.
ink drawings
After the communist revolution in
China, art was primarily used for this
purpose.
political propaganda
India has more than this number of
spoken languages and dialects.
1,600
This ancient civilization influenced
images of Buddha in India.
Greece
Indian art shows influence from
these two religions.
Buddhism and Hinduism
Images from India show this god
dancing with multiple arms.
Shiva
This major religion influenced the art
of both Japan and China.
Buddhism
During the Impressionist movement,
Japan sent a group of artists to this
country.
France
The Japanese artists that returned
from France introduced these three
artistic techniques to Japan.
linear perspective and the
colors and subjects of
Impressionism
Japan is best known in the Western
world for this type of art.
printmaking
Artists from this country imitated
Japanese prints in the late
nineteenth century.
France
This part of Africa is incorporated
into the history of Western art.
northern Africa
Some of the oldest examples of
African art are cave paintings from
this country.
Namibia
The Nok civilization had an influence
on later groups such as this one,
most numerous in Nigeria.
Yoruba
This cultural group created the Benin
Kingdom.
the Edo people
The Benin king has this title.
the oba
The Benin Kingdom made this type
of art for ancestral altars.
bronze portrait heads
During this year, the British
destroyed or confiscated many
artworks from the Benin Kingdom.
1897
Many artworks from Africa are made
from these two perishable materials.
fiber and wood
Western colonists used to see
African artworks as symbols of this
religious idea and destroyed them as
a result.
paganism
The functionality of African art
challenges this Western art idea.
art for art’s sake
African cultural groups such as
these two are well-known for their
masks.
the Dan and the Bwa
Oceania is the name for the
thousands of islands that make up
these three areas.
Polynesia, Melanesia, and
Micronesia
In Polynesia, tattoos and other body
arts express this idea.
social stature
This type of art preserved
Polynesian body art before the
invention of photography.
engraving
Melanesian cultures used these
types of artworks to summon the
spirits of ancestors and honor the
dead.
masks
Pacific islanders, such as those from
this New Zealand group, are reviving
old traditions in a new context.
the Maori
Practitioners of Islam follow the
teachings of this prophet.
Muhammad
This building is one of the oldest
examples of Islamic architecture.
the Dome of the Rock
Some of the most valued art objects
in Islam are beautiful copies of this
book.
the Koran
Jews, Muslims, and Christians
believe this city in Israel is sacred.
Jerusalem
Great civilizations in the Americas
include these five nations.
Olmec, Toltec, Maya, Aztec,
and Inca
This pyramid, located in Mexico, is
one of the best known in the
Americas.
the Pyramid of the Sun
There is now evidence of people
living in present-day Canada and the
United States dating back to this
number of years.
12,000
The Native Americans of the
Southwest built this kind of building
that often contained over one
hundred rooms.
pueblo complexes
These are the six basic elements of
art.
line, shape, form, space,
color, and texture
This element of art is defined as the
path of a point moving through
space.
line
A line consisting of a series of
interrupted dots or lines is called this
type of line.
implied line
Using these two types of lines
creates a stable and static feeling.
horizontal and vertical
An artist can create a sense of
activity with these types of lines.
curving and jagged lines
This element of art is the two-
dimensional area of an object.
shape
This element of art is three-
dimensional objects.
form
This type of shape/form can be
defined mathematically and is
precise and regular.
geometric
This type of shape/form is irregular
and freeform.
organic
This term refers to the area that the
shapes and forms in an artwork
occupy.
positive space
High and bas are the two types of
this form of sculpture.
relief
This type of sculpture is made fully
in the round.
freestanding
This element of art is the illusion of
depth.
perspective
This technique makes objects that
are farther away appear lighter and
more neutral in color.
aerial/atmospheric
perspective
Artists invented mathematical
techniques to create the illusion of
space during this time period.
Renaissance
This technique is founded on the
visual phenomenon that lines appear
to converge into a point on the
horizon.
linear perspective
This term is defined as the name of
a color.
hue
Red, blue, and yellow make up this
group of colors.
primary
Mixing two primary colors creates
this group of colors.
secondary
Combining a primary and an
adjacent secondary color creates
this group of colors.
tertiary
This physicist developed the
underlying concepts of the color
wheel.
Sir Isaac Newton
This term refers to the lightness or
darkness of a color or of gray.
value
Black and white are not hues and
are instead referred to by this term.
neutrals
This term refers to the brightness or
purity of a color.
intensity
This type of color is the most intense
or pure.
primary
Adding equal parts of two
complements creates a dull tone of
this color.
brown
Scientists discovered the relativity of
color in this century.
nineteenth
Red, orange, and yellow are
considered this type of color in
Western art because they are
associated with heat.
warm
This type of color is the “true” color
of an object without the effects of
distance or reflections.
local
This type of color refers to the effect
of lighting on the color of objects.
optical
Artists use this type of color for its
emotional or aesthetic impact.
arbitrary
This element of art refers to how
things feel, or how we think they
would feel, when touched.
texture
Two-dimensional artworks use this
type of texture, which gives an
illusion of a textured surface.
visual
This art term refers to the artist’s
organization of the elements of art
composition
Artworks that can literally be touched
or felt use this type of texture.
actual
Repeating elements in an artwork
creates this principle of art.
rhythm
This term refers to the repetition of
certain elements or motifs and is an
aspect of rhythm.
pattern
This term refers to a single element
of a pattern.
motif
This type of balance occurs when
both sides of an artwork are exactly
the same.
symmetrical
This type of balance includes slight
variations on both sides of the
central axis.
approximate symmetry
This type of balance occurs through
the organization of unlike objects.
asymmetrical balance
To create asymmetrical balance,
artists place heavier objects in this
area of an artwork.
the center
This term refers to the point at which
our eye tends to rest.
focal point
This term refers to the size
relationships of the parts of an
artwork.
proportion
This term refers to the size
relationship of the parts of a work to
the work in its entirety.
scale
The Greeks established the
standards for the size relationships
of the human body during this period
of Greek sculpture.
the Classical Period
In Greek art theory, the ideal human
figure is this number of heads high.
seven and one-half
According to the ancient Greeks, the
bottom of our lips falls on a line
halfway between the chin and the
bottom of this body part.
nose
Drawing is primarily based on the
use of this element of art.
line
This type of pencil makes thick lines
that vary considerably from light to
very dark.
white soft
In this process, lines are placed
closely side by side to create
shading.
hatching
This technique is the process in
which lines are crisscrossed to make
shading.
crosshatching
This technique uses a pattern of
dots to create shading.
stippling
Colored pastels became popular
during this century.
eighteenth century
The surface of a pastel drawing is
often sprayed with this type of
material to reduce smearing.
fixative
These four techniques make up the
principal printmaking processes.
t
relief, intaglio, lithograph,
and screen prin
In printmaking, this term refers to the
plate on which the image is made.
the matrix
In this printmaking process, the artist
cuts parts from the surface of the
plate.
relief
In relief printmaking, the matrix can
be made of these three materials.
wood, linoleum, or a
synthetic material
In relief printmaking, the artist rubs
the plate and paper with this tool to
force the ink onto the paper.
burnisher
This printmaking process works in
the opposite manner from relief
printmaking.
intaglio
In this printmaking process, the artist
creates the design using a layer of
wax or varnish.
etching
In etching, the artist incises the
design using this substance.
acid
In this printmaking process, the artist
draws the image with a waxy pencil
or crayon.
lithography
In lithography the plate is made of
one of these three materials.
stone, zinc, or aluminum
Unlike woodcutting or engraving,
anyone can perform this simple
printmaking process.
lithography
This printmaking process is used to
print most T-shirts.
screen printing
In silk-screening, the artist forces the
ink through the fabric using this tool.
squeegee
Johannes Gutenberg created the
printing press in this century.
Fifteenth
Oil paints first became widely used
during this century.
Fifteenth
This part of paint gives the paint its
color.
Pigment
This component of paint holds the
pigment together and allows the
paint to adhere to surfaces.
binder
This component of paint changes
the consistency and drying time of
the paint.
solvent
In a buon (“true”) fresco, the artist
applies the paint to this type of
plaster.
wet
In a fresco secco, the artist applies
paints to this kind of plaster.
dry
Diego Rivera created murals using
this painting technique.
Fresco
Before oil paints, this kind of paint
was the most common.
tempera
This term refers to the technique of
applying oil paints in thick or heavy
lumps.
impasto
Hot irons fuse this type of wax-
based paint to surfaces.
encaustic
Scientists created this type of paint
after World War II.
acrylic
Scientists developed photography
during this time period.
mid-nineteenth century
This sculpture-making process is
subtractive, meaning parts of the
material are removed.
carving
This sculpture-making process is
additive, meaning materials are
added to the surface to make the
sculpture.
modeling
This sculpture-making process
allows more than one copy of the
original to be made.
casting
Alexander Calder made mobiles
suspended by this material.
wire
Environmental art first emerged
during this decade.
1960s
Artists use this technique to
preserve the image of their
temporary Earthworks.
photography
This term refers to a category of
artworks in which the artist uses
several art media.
mixed media
This term refers to artworks that
combine various materials that can
be adhered to a surface.
collage
These two artists are credited with
introducing collages to the high-art
sphere.
Pablo Picasso and Georges
Braque
Robert Rauschenberg is known for
his mixed media works that combine
silkscreen images with this material.
paint
This artist is known for filling open
boxes with a variety of objects to
represent a metaphoric statement.
Joseph Cornell
This art form is based upon the use
of natural materials to build three-
dimensional works.
pottery
This pottery term refers to liquid
clay.
slip
This term refers to pots that have
been made using a potter’s wheel.
“thrown” pots
This pottery tool removes all the
moisture from clay to make the clay
harden.
kiln
This material, made of clay and
minerals, provides color to pottery
works.
glaze
Glass was first made in this area of
the world.
the Middle East
Glass is primarily made of this
material.
silica
Stained glass became a dominant
art form during this time period,
when it was used to create windows
for cathedrals.
the medieval period
Northwest Coast Indians carve
boxes and house boards with
traditional designs out of this
material.
wood
This term refers to the science and
art of designing and constructing
buildings.
architecture
In this architectural technique, a long
beam lies horizontally across upright
posts.
post-and-lintel construction
The use of columns in the Greek
Parthenon exemplifies this ancient
architectural technique.
post-and-lintel construction
The Romans developed this key
construction material that is still used
today.
concrete
This architectural technique refers to
an external arch that
counterbalances the outward thrust
of a high ceiling.
flying buttress
This building, located in London, is
made of glass walls held in place by
slim iron rods.
the Crystal Palace
The Crystal Palace was built for this
major event in 1851.
the World’s Fair in London
Antoni Gaudi created buildings of
stone without any flat surfaces or
straight lines in this country.
Spain
These two materials are the most
common for large public,
commercial, and multi-family
housing.
steel and concrete
These two materials are the most
common for residential homes.
wood and brick
The Puritans settled in New England
during this time period.
early to mid-seventeenth
century
Puritans used this type of art to
establish identity and record family
lineages.
portraiture
Puritans rejected this kind of painting
because they believed it to be
associated with excess and idolatry.
religious painting
The Puritans believed in this
doctrine, which said that God
rewarded the hardworking and
faithful with wealth.
Calvinist
This artist’s court paintings inspired
the Grand Manner style.
Anthony van Dyck
Puritans preferred this style of
portraiture.
Elizabethan
The portraits of John Freake and
Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary
show this portraiture style.
Elizabethan
The portraits of John Freake and
Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary
show this portraiture style.
Elizabethan
This term refers to painters that
moved from place to place painting
signage and portraits.
itinerant limner
In the portrait of her and baby Mary,
Elizabeth Freake wore pearls
imported from this country.
China
Thomas Smith’s “Self-Portrait”
depicts a seascape with ships from
these two European countries.
Netherlands and England
Thomas Smith’s wealth is most
apparent from this piece of clothing
in his portrait.
the fine ruffled lace on his
neck
This Latin phrase translates to
“remember that you will die.”
memento mori
Thomas Smith likely had this job.
sea captain/mariner
These two qualities characterize
colonial folk portraiture.
flatness and linearity
This Scottish artist helped introduce
modeling and naturalism to the
colonies.
John Smibert
This man gave John Singleton
Copley an introduction to painting,
drawing, and printmaking.
Peter Pelham
Copley taught himself to paint using
these two resources from his
stepfather as guides.
anatomy books and art prints
Copley purchased the contents of
this Scottish artist’s studio.
John Smibert
Copley became highly sought after
in Boston for this type of art.
portraits
Copley submitted this painting to the
annual exhibition of the Society of
Artists of Great Britain.
Boy with a Squirrel
Copley’s Boy with a Squirrel
attracted the attention of this artist,
who invited Copley to London.
Benjamin West
Copley and his wife bought a house
next to John Hancock in this
location.
Beacon Hill
Paul Revere’s father originally went
by this name before he anglicized it.
Apollos Riviore
Paul Revere had this number of
siblings.
eleven
Paul Revere briefly worked as a
soldier during this war.
French and Indian War
Paul Revere performed these three
services in his shop.
engraving silverware,
engraving plates for printing,
and operating a printing
press
Paul Revere famously engraved a
drawing of the Boston Massacre
originally by this man.
Henry Pelham
After the Boston Tea Party, Paul
Revere served as a courier, bringing
news from Boston to these two
cities.
New York and Philadelphia
Paul Revere was best known during
his lifetime for this job.
silversmith
The removal of British tea taxes led
to increased post-Revolutionary War
demand for items such as these two.
teapots and sugar bowls
Paul Revere made his teapots using
silver from this country.
Mexico
Examples of Paul Revere’s silver
work can be found in these two
museums.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
and the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York
City
Paul Revere became famous thanks
to this poet’s poem “Paul Revere’s
Ride.”
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
The poem “Paul Revere’s Ride” was
published in this newspaper.
The Atlantic Monthly
While Revere was detained by
British forces, this man alerted the
residents of Concord of the incoming
British.
Samuel Prescott
Copley knew Revere before painting
him because Revere made these
items for Copley’s portrait
miniatures.
silver frames
In Copley’s portrait of him, Revere is
holding this item that he crafted
himself.
a silver teapot
In Copley’s portrait of him, Paul
Revere’s right hand is touching this
part of his body.
chin
The Townshend Acts taxed these six
items.
tea, oil, lead, paper paint,
and glass
This man was Copley’s father-in-law
and owned one of the ships involved
in the Boston Tea Party.
Richard Clarke
The portrait of Paul Revere focuses
on the nobility of these three ideas.
work, thoughtfulness, and
egalitarianism
During the years before the
Revolutionary War, Americans
limited rights to this group of people.
white, landowning men
This Boston location held portraits of
Samuel Adams and John Hancock.
Faneuil Hall
Revere’s portrait was mostly
unknown until it was lent to this
museum in 1928.
Museum of Fine Arts
Phillis Wheatley came to America
aboard this slave ship.
the Phillis
During the 1760s, this many
enslaved people lived in Boston.
one thousand
This merchant bought Phillis
Wheatley when she came to
America.
John Wheatley
Phillis was taught to read these
three languages by her enslaves.
Greek, Latin, and English
Phillis Wheatley published her first
poem in this newspaper.
the Rhode Island Newport
Mercury
Phillis Wheatley’s work shows she
was familiar with the works of these
five writers.
Alexander Pope, John
Milton, Virgil, Ovid, and
Homer
Phillis Wheatley gained attention
after writing a poem about this
Anglican preacher.
Reverend George Whitefield
This woman helped Phillis Wheatley
secure a publisher and printer in
London.
Selena Hastings
With the help of her patron Selena,
Phillis Wheatley published this
poetry book when she was twenty.
Poems on Various Subjects,
Religious and Moral
Selena Hastings held this noble title.
Countess of Huntingdon
In this year a legal judgement ruled
that enslaved people could not be
moved out of England against their
will.
1772
Phillis Wheatley was born in this
West African nation.
Gambia
After she sent him a poem, George
Washington invited Phillis Wheatley
to meet him at this location.
Cambridge
Before meeting George Washington,
Phillis Wheatley met these two men
while in London.
Benjamin Franklin and Sir
Brook Watson
Phillis Wheatley commemorated the
end of the Revolutionary War with
this poem.
Liberty and Peace, A Poem
Phillis Wheatley married this man in
1778.
John Peters
Phillis Wheatley died at this age
after giving birth to her third child.
31
This book used the Moorhead
portrait of Wheatley as its
frontispiece.
Poems on Various Subjects,
Religious and Moral
This man printed the portrait of
Wheatley by Moorhead.
Archibald Bell
In the portrait of her, Phillis Wheatley
is wearing this type of hat.
mobcap
This African American artist painted
the portrait of Phillis Wheatley.
Scipio Moorhead
In the Moorhead portrait, Phillis
Wheatley held a quill pen in this
hand.
her right hand
In 1772 Copley painted a portrait of
this woman, who had a similar pose
to Wheatley in Moorhead’s portrait.
Dorothy Quincy (Mrs. John
Hancock)
Women in portraiture were typically
shown in this type of posture.
passive
This man was the first signer of the
Declaration of Independence and
the first governor of Massachusetts.
John Hancock
In the portrait of Dorothy Quincy by
Copley, Dorothy is shown wearing
this color gown.
pink
The text inscribed on the border of
the portrait of Phillis Wheatley reads
this.
“Phillis Wheatley, Negro
servant to John Wheatley, of
Boston.”
The oval frame around Phillis in the
portrait of her symbolizes this about
her.
she was defined and
confined by her
circumstances
Scipio Moorhead was an enslaved
person in the household of this man.
Reverend John Moorhead
Scipio Moorhead probably learned to
draw from this woman, who was an
art teacher.
Sarah Moorhead
Scipio Moorhead advertised his
artistic services in this newspaper,
saying he had an “extraordinary
genius.”
the Boston Newsletter
The original portrait of Phillis
Wheatley by Moorhead was this kind
of artwork.
ink drawing
Wheatley dedicated this poem to
Scipio Moorhead.
“To S.M., a young African
painter on seeing his works”
This number of Scipio Moorhead’s
original paintings remain today.
zero
Most women during the eighteenth
century were taught handicrafts like
these three.
sewing, weaving, and
embroidery
This term refers to a piece of
needlework that displays various
stitches and often shows the
alphabet or an embroidered verse.
sampler
In private academies during the
eighteenth century, middle-class
girls learned needlework along with
these two skills.
music and watercolor
painting
Before women could join the
National Academy of Design, their
only opportunity to show their
creativity was through exhibitions in
these places.
private academies
Prudence Punderson’s embroidered
picture is just under this number of
inches tall.
13
In her embroidered picture,
Prudence Punderson depicts a room
in this state.
Connecticut
The title of Prudence Punderson’s
embroidered picture is signed in this
material.
black ink
In the picture inside Prudence
Punderson’s embroidered picture, a
woman is standing beside a man of
this profession.
soldier or guard
In the center of her embroidered
picture, Prudence Punderson shows
herself performing this activity.
working on an art project
Prudence Punderson depicted a tea
table of this style in her embroidered
picture.
Chippendale-style
The average life expectancy for a
woman in New England during the
eighteenth century was this many
years.
forty-two years
Outbreaks of these three diseases
were common in the colonies during
the eighteenth-century.
smallpox, typhus, and yellow
fever
Prudence Punderson died at this
age after giving birth to her first
child.
26
Prudence Punderson was born in
this place in 1758.
Preston, Connecticut
Prudence Punderson had this many
siblings.
seven
Prudence Punderson married this
man.
Dr. Timothy Wells Rossiter
Wright was born in this city.
Bordentown, New Jersey
This waxwork sculptor was born to
Quaker parents in 1725.
Patience Wright
Wright married this cooper after she
moved to Philadelphia.
Joseph Wright
Wright went into business with her
sister creating portraits in this
medium.
wax
Wright had sculpted with this
medium as a hobby since childhood.
modeling clay
Wright moved to this state so that
her business could reach a wider
clientele.
New York
Wright’s portrait sculpture of this
famous evangelist toured the East
Coast
Reverend Whitefield
Waxworks were not considered fine
art because they were exhibited at
these venues.
fairs
One of Wright’s clients held this
official position in New York.
lieutenant governor
Wright’s New York studio caught fire
in this year.
1771
While in London, Wright modeled a
portrait bust of this famed expatriate
artist.
Benjamin West
This phenomenon causes wax to
develop breakage and be damaged
over time.
temperature changes
Wright’s portrait statue of Sir William
Pitt, Earl of Chatham can be found in
this collection.
Westminster Abbey
Pitt defended colonial rights against
this legislation.
Stamp Act
Pitt is wearing these clothes in
Wright’s portrait sculpture of him.
parliamentary robes
Wright referred to Pitt with this
nickname.
guardian angel
Wright advocated these two causes.
American Independence women ’s rights
Wright would pass notes with
political information hidden in this
part of her sculptures.
head
Pine was a British portrait painter
born in this city.
London
The British Royal Academy of Art
excluded Pine for this reason.
his radical politics
In Pine’s painting, this object is in
Wright’s lap.
lump of wax
Wright used heat from this source to
warm her wax for sculpting.
her thighs
Wright’s sculpting process, as
described by these sources, gives
the impression of giving birth.
contemporary accounts
This title appeared on a published
print of Wright lifting a sculpted bust
from her skirts.
“Mrs. Wright Finishing a
Busto”
Pine’s portrait of Wright emphasizes
this hand.
right
Wax and clay modeling involve this
kind of sculptural process.
additive
Marble and word carving involve this
kind of sculptural process.
subtractive
This kind of wax is easily tinted
when mixed with pigments.
beeswax
The earliest wax figures come from
this time and place.
ancient Egypt
This worldwide chain of wax
museums is associated with popular
entertainment.
Madame Tussaud’s
Stuart was born in this city in 1755.
Newport, Rhode Island
Stuart’s Scottish immigrant father
manufactured this product.
snuff
Stuart apprenticed with a local of this
profession.
limner
Stuart studied art in England with
this instructor.
Benjamin West
Stuart established his critical
reputation when he exhibited this
painting.
The Skater
Stuart’s The Skater has this kind of
brushwork.
impressionistic
Stuart fled England for Ireland in
order to escape these people.
his debtors
After fleeing Ireland because of debt,
Stuart arrived at this American city.
Philadelphia
Stuart painted more than a hundred
portraits of this person between
1795 and 1825.
George Washington
This portrait is Stuart’s most
recognizable painting.
Athenaeum portrait
This institution acquired the
Athenaeum portrait shortly after the
artist’s death.
Boston Athenaeum
The Athenaeum portrait was used as
the engraving that appears on this
object.
dollar bill
Stuart charged this amount for each
of his copies of the Athenaeum
portrait.
$100
Stuart referred to the copies of the
Athenaeum portrait with this
nickname.
$100 bills
The Athenaeum portrait’s neutral
background gives the painting this
quality.
timelessness
Stuart’s depiction of Washington
emphasized these three qualities.
moderation, restraint, resolve
The commissioner of Stuart’s
Lansdowne Portrait was a senator of
this state.
Pennsylvania
This 1796 Stuart painting depicts
Washington in full-length.
Lansdowne Portrait
One copy of the Lansdowne Portrait
has hung in this room of the White
House since 1800.
East Room
These two people rescued the
Lansdowne Portrait during the
burning of Washington in the War of
1812.
Dolley Madison, Paul
Jennings
Stuart based the Lansdowne
portrait’s pose on a 1723 engraving
by this artist.
Pierre Drevet
Ancient Roman statues of these
figures commonly had an upright
posture and extended arm
Republican senators
In the Lansdowne Portrait, these two
items allude to Washington’s signing
bills into law.
quill pen and inkwell
In the Lansdowne Portrait, the
thirteen stars and stripes appear on
this object.
medallion
The legs of Washington’s desk in the
Lansdowne Portrait are carved with
this animal.
bald eagle
This organizing body of the Six
Nations used eagles and arrows as
symbols.
Iroquois Confederacy
The table leg in the Lansdowne
Portrait is carved to resemble these
ancient Roman power symbols.
fasces
This item in the background of the
Lansdowne Portrait alludes to Greek
democratic ideals.
classical column
European Grand Manner portraits of
nobility commonly used these two
features as a backdrop.
column and drapery
This 1701 Rigaud painting
demonstrates the European Grand
Manner style.
Portrait of Louis XIV
This 1636 van Dyck painting
demonstrates the European Grand
Manner style.
Portrait of Charles I
This symbol of continuing hope
appears to emerge in the
background of the Lansdowne
Portrait.
rainbow
The first fine art academies in Italy
arose to replace these institutions.
guilds
This institution formed in 1648 and
codified the curriculum and function
of academies.
French Royal Academy
Before the Academy, French
monarchs imported their artworks
from these two countries.
Italy, Flanders
Instruction at fine art academies first
focused on teaching this artistic
technique.
drawing from etchings
Instruction at fine art academies
finished with teaching this artistic
technique.
drawing from life
Fine art academies propagated this
idea to rank artistic genres.
hierarchy of genres
This genre ranked highest in the
Academic hierarchy of genres.
history painting
This genre ranked lowest in the
Academic hierarchy of genres.
still life
This Academy prized this genre for
its complex figure drawing
requirements.
history painting
History painting subjects usually
come from these two sources.
the Bible, classical
mythology
History painting required artists to
exercise this skill to develop a scene
they had not witnessed.
imagination
These types of art students were not
allowed to study from nude models.
women
Women admitted to academies often
had this kind of connection to an
existing member.
familial
Female academicians found
themselves guided towards these
two genres.
floral painting, portraiture
This person founded the Royal
Academy in London.
Sir Joshua Reynolds
After Reynolds’s death, this person
became the president of the Royal
Academy.
Benjamin West
This painting introduced the idea of
history painting based on
contemporary events.
“The Death of General
Wolfe”
The French Royal Academy
dissolved after this historical event.
French Revolution
The American Academy of the Fine
Arts originally had this name.
New York Academy of the
Fine Arts
Trumbull was president of the
American Academy for this many
years.
twenty
This person painted conflict-defining
history paintings of the
Revolutionary War.
John Trumbull
The American Academy’s
conservativism led to dissatisfaction
among this group of people.
young painters
These three people founded the
National Academy of Design in
1825.
Morse, Durand, Cole
Indigenous Americans painted the
Segesser Hides under the influence
of this country.
Spain
Jesuit priest Segesser oversaw this
mission from 1732 to 1735.
San Xavier del Bac
Segesser acquired three painted
hides in New Spain from this
prominent military family.
the Anzas
This museum acquired the Segesser
hides in 1983.
New Mexico History Museum
The Segesser hides are most likely
made of hide from this animal.
bison
This material binds the Segesser
hides.
sinew
Segesser I shows a skirmish in the
vicinity of these two cities.
El Paso, Ciudad Juarez
Segesser II measures this many feet
in length.
seventeen
Segesser II depicts these two tribes
defeating Spanish troops.
Skidi Pawnees, Otoes
This 1720 governor sent Spanish
forces into the Great Plains over
concern for French traders.
Antonio Valverde y Cosio
The Spanish troops in Segesser II
set up camp near the confluence of
these two rivers.
Loup, Platte
This number of Spaniards were
killed in the battle depicted in
Segesser II.
three dozen
This clothing item identifies the
Spaniards in Segesser II.
wide-brimmed hats
The Pueblos in Segesser II wear
their hair in this style.
buns
Frenchmen in Segesser II wore this
kind of hat.
tricorne
The Pawnee and Otoe warriors in
Segesser II each wear this vivid,
individualized decoration.
body paint
This priest accompanied the
expedition depicted in Segesser II.
Father Juan Mingez
This aspect of Segesser II implies
that it was based on first-hand
accounts of the battle.
amount of detail
Pueblo artists painted these
decorated hides in workshops.
reposteros
The Indigenous artists of the
Segesser hides likely drew on
drawing conventions introduced by
these people.
Spaniards
Techniques like foreshortening and
overlapping figures in space
originate from this continent.
Europe
In both Segesser hides, this
decorative element is the same.
border
West was born in this kind of
religious community in 1738.
Quaker
West’s parents owned this kind of
establishment.
Inn
When he was seventeen, West
entered this college.
College of Philadelphia
West was this age when he left the
colonies to study art in Europe.
Twenty-one
This many Philadelphia families
financially backed West to study art
in Europe.
two
West traveled in this country before
settling in London.
Italy
West was the official painter to this
figure throughout the American
Revolution.
King George III
West returned to the United States
this many times after leaving to
study in Europe.
zero
This painting is West’s best-known.
The Death of General Wolfe
The Death of General Wolfe
commemorates the general’s death
in this war.
French and Indian War
This institution exhibited The Death
of General Wolfe in 1771.
Royal Academy
These two generals were killed in
the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.
Montcalm, Wolfe
This person purchased The Death of
General Wolfe.
Lord Grosvenor
The Death of General Wolfe was
made into an engraving and was
even displayed on these mundane
objects.
ceramic mugs
West revolutionized history painting
by insisting subjects wear this kind
of clothing.
modern
General Wolfe was wounded this
many times in battle.
three
West brought pathos to Wolfe’s
death with body positioning from this
Biblical subject.
lamentation
The “lamentation” refers to scenes of
this person’s mourning.
Jesus
West transforms Wolfe into this kind
of figure for the British cause.
martyr
The Death of General Wolfe
attempted to remind the British and
colonists that they used to be united
against this group.
the French
West created this painting of Native
Americans the same year as The
Death of General Wolfe.
Penn’s Treaty with the
Indians
West intended Penn’s Treaty with
the Indians to commemorate this
person’s arrival in Pennsylvania.
Penn
Penn sought the freedom to practice
this religion.
Quakerism
This equality-focused Quaker tenet
attracted negative attention in
England.
egalitarianism
Penn’s Treaty with the Indians
depicts this tribe’s chiefs.
Lenni Lenape
The meeting in Penn’s Treaty with
the Indians occurs under an ancient
tree of this species.
elm
The site of the meeting in Penn’s
Treaty with the Indians is known by
this name.
Shackamaxon
This treaty marked the first time
colonists paid Native Americans for
land granted by the British.
Treaty of Shackamaxon
Penn’s Treaty with the Indians
promoted the idea that Penn
maintained this kind of relation with
local Indigenous people.
peaceful
This person eroded harmony
between the Delaware tribes and
settlers by 1737.
Penn’s son
This aspect of Penn’s Treaty with
the Indians emphasizes balance and
equal exchange.
horizontality
West embedded these kinds of
tropes in Penn’s Treaty with the
Indians.
racist
Penn’s Treaty with the Indians can
be structurally divided into this many
parts.
three
The main action takes place in this
part of Penn’s Treaty with the
Indians
middle ground
The three vertical sections in Penn’s
Treaty with the Indians call to mind
these types of Renaissance artworks.
triptychs
The division in Penn’s Treaty with
the Indians emphasizes the
competition of these three factions.
merchants, Quakers, Native
Americans
West claimed that Native Americans
showed him this painting technique.
pigment mixing
West’s portrayal of Native
Americans embodies this
generalizing trope.
“noble savage”
This philosopher and writer
popularized the “noble savage”
trope.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
These artworks shaped public
opinion about the revolutionary
cause.
cheap prints
These three popular art forms could
circulate ideas quickly in urban
areas.
prints, cartoons, broadsides
Artists used this cutting tool to create
engravings.
burin
Print artists would combine humor
with these two elements to make
their points.
words, images
Prints helped make this
demographic more aware of political
debates and controversies.
general populace
In colonial America, these goods
were easily available on the street
and from bookstores.
prints
People could buy prints with this
kind of recurring payment method.
subscription
This person was the original source
of The Boston Massacre print.
Henry Pelham
At the Boston Massacre, the crowd
threw these two projectiles at the
soldiers.
snowballs, rocks
This dockworker of African and
Native American descent died in the
Boston Massacre.
Crispus Attucks
Historians believe Attucks may have
been an escaped slave from this
city.
Framingham, Massachusetts
The Boston Massacre print
appeared this many weeks after the
incident.
three
The issuing of The Boston Massacre
print helped foment this feeling
towards the British.
anger
The redcoats in The Boston
Massacre stand in front of this
building.
Customs House
This sign is present in The Boston
Massacre print, even though it did
not exist in real life.
Butcher’s Hall
The redcoats in The Boston
Massacre stand with this leg
extended forward.
left
The redcoats in The Boston
Massacre hold this weapon.
musket
The woman in the crowd in The
Boston Massacre calls to mind this
mourning figure.
Virgin Mary
The Old State House had this name
at the time of the Boston Massacre.
Towne House
The steeple of this building can be
seen in The Boston Massacre.
First Church
This person created a print of the
Boston Massacre that was copied
from a Pelham design.
Paul Revere
Copley, who painted Pelham in
1765, was related to him in this way.
stepbrother
Pelham was this age when the
Boston Massacre took place.
twenty-two
Pelham lived on this street, blocks
away from the location of the Boston
Massacre.
Congress Street
Revere captioned The Boston
Massacre with this many lines of
verse.
eighteen
Pelham responded to Revere’s
copying of his design with this kind
of correspondence.
angry letter
England established these kinds of
laws to protect publishers around
1735.
copyright
Leutze was born in this country in
1816.
Germany
Leutze’s parents were political
refugees who immigrated when he
was this age.
nine
Leutze initially found work in this
profession.
itinerant portraitist
Leutze pursued formal art training in
this city in 1840.
Dusseldorf
Leutze studied history painting in
Dusseldorf with these two people.
Schadow, Lessing
In the early 1840s, these two cities
replaced London as the major draw
for American artists.
Rome, Florence
This institution, led by Hunt,
attracted painters internationally in
the 1850s.
Dusseldorf Academy
Characteristics of this artistic
approach included attention to
drafting, dynamic compositions, and
dramatic lighting.
Dusseldorf style
Leutze supported this 1848 German
event.
uprising
Leutze returned to the United States
from Germany in this year.
1851
This painting is Leutze’s most
famous work.
Washington Crossing the
Delaware
After 1851, Leutze moved between
these three cities.
Dusseldorf, New York,
Washington
Leutze’s Westward the Course of
Empire Takes Its Way is this kind of
artwork.
mural
Westward the Course of Empire
Takes Its Way hangs in this stairwell
of the House wing in the Capitol.
west
Leutze died in 1868 in this city.
Washington DC
Washington Crossing the Delaware
commemorates this event.
fiftieth anniversary of
Washington’s death
Washington Crossing the Delaware
depicts the colonist victory against
these mercenary soldiers.
Hessian
Washington Crossing the Delaware
creates a visual equivalency
between these two objects.
Washington, the flag
This artist was one of the most
prominent Black artists of the early
twentieth century.
Jacob Lawrence
Lawrence painted with this medium
on hardboard.
egg tempera
Lawrence’s series Struggle… From
the History of the American People
contains this many pictures.
thirty
Lawrence’s version of Washington
Crossing the Delaware has this
many rowboats.
three
Lawrence’s version of Washington
Crossing the Delaware emphasizes
this kind of effort.
collective
This artist painted his own version of
Washington Crossing the Delaware
in 1975.
Robert Colescott
In Colescott’s version of Washington
Crossing the Delaware, this person
leads the group.
George Washington Carver
This Japanese American artist
painted his own version of
Washington Crossing the Delaware
in 2010.
Roger Shimomura
Shimomura Crossing the Delaware
has this many canvas panels.
three
Shimomura Crossing the Delaware
is painted in this medium.
acrylic
Shimomura Crossing the Delaware
depicts these people instead of
colonial soldiers.
samurai warriors
Shimomura’s flattened pictorial
composition recalls this earlier artist.
Hokusai
Hokusai was a Japanese artist from
this period.
Edo
Shimomura Crossing the Delaware
depicts this location.
San Francisco Harbor
This land mass appears in the
background of Shimomura Crossing
the Delaware.
Angel Island
Angel Island processed thousands
of immigrants arriving from this
continent.
Asia
Shimomura was detained in this
United States state at an internment
camp during World War II.
Idaho
Colonial women excluded from
formal artistic training expressed
complex narratives through these
two art forms.
sewing, needlepoint
Colonial women often developed
basic sewing skills by this age.
four or five
Wills often mentioned these female-
created artworks.
quilts
Piecework (or patchwork) often
takes this kind of pattern.
geometric
In the early nineteenth century, New
England factories were
manufacturing this kind of cloth.
roller-printed
This type of cotton is printed with
small repeating patterns.
calico
One person makes this kind of quilt
in honor of a special event.
presentation
A group of people make this kind of
quilt, with each member contributing
a square.
album
This popular quilting motif came
from patterns found on palampores.
tree of life
Stiles’s Trade and Commerce Quilt
shows this riverfront.
Delaware
In the 1980s, this artist created a
genre called “story quilts.”
Faith Ringgold
This Alabama community brought
renewed attention to Black quilting
traditions in 2002.
Gee’s Bend
This museum first exhibited the
Gee’s Bend quilts.
Museum of Fine Arts in
Houston
Powers was born in this state in
1837.
Georgia
Harriet and Armstead Powers had at
least this many children.
nine
Powers’ gravestone bears this date
as her death date.
January 1, 1910
Powers created these two story
quilts.
Pictorial Quilt, Bible Quilt
Bible Quilt appeared at this event in
Athens, Georgia.
1886 Cotton Fair
This 1780 event occurred when
smoke from forest fires darkened the
skies.
Black Friday
A panel in Pictorial Quilt tells the
story of this animal running five
hundred miles from Georgia to
Virginia.
hog
Bible Quilt has this many panels.
eleven
These people gave Pictorial Quilt to
Dr. Hall upon his retirement.
faculty ladies of Atlanta
University
Powers’s quilts recall the textiles of
this Western African kingdom.
Fon kingdom of Dahomey
Archaeological excavations at these
two locations inspired
Neoclassicism.
Herculaneum, Pompeii
Neoclassicism revived these three
ideals of Greco-Roman art.
balance, symmetry, harmony
Neoclassicism visually expressed
this movement’s emphasis on
rationality.
Enlightenment
Jefferson spent his free time on this
amateur hobby.
architecture
Jefferson designed this building
while he was a minister to the
French court in Paris.
Virginia State Capitol
This Charlottesville building was one
of Jefferson’s architectural projects.
University of Virginia
Jefferson embraced the buildings of
this earlier society as an
architectural ideal.
Roman Republic
This French architect advocated
Neoclassicism and influenced
Jefferson.
Charles-Louis Clérisseau
This Italian word means “little
mountain.”
Monticello
Jefferson inherited this many acres
of land from his father.
5,000
This style influenced Monticello’s
initial design.
Palladian
This Italian Renaissance architect
published several landmark
treatises.
Andrea Palladio
The Palladian style relies heavily on
this artistic element.
symmetry
Jefferson placed Monticello on top of
a hill in order to gain a view of this
environmental feature.
Blue Ridge Mountains
At the start of the second stage of
construction on Monticello, Jefferson
held this governmental office.
vice president
Jefferson changed the proportions of
this part of Monticello so that the two
stories appeared as one.
main pavilion
When Jefferson altered the main
pavilion of Monticello, he added this
kind of entablature across the
house.
Doric
This scholar claims that Jefferson’s
design for Monticello projects an
unassuming narrative about himself.
Dell Upton
One typical characteristic of
Jefferson’s architecture is the use of
this shape.
octagon
Monticello is made of these local
materials.
brick and wood
More than this many enslaved
people worked at Monticello.
80
Thomas Jefferson owned this many
enslaved people in his lifetime.
more than 600
Isaac Granger held these three
occupations.
nail maker, tinsmith, and
blacksmith
Thomas Jefferson served food and
drinks to enslaved workers using this
unobtrusive invention.
dumb waiter
Thomas Jefferson forbade the use of
his image in this way to distinguish
his rule from this British monarchy.
on coins
Along with being a politician,
Thomas Jefferson held these three
occupations.
scientist, farmer and
architect
This act designated the District of
Columbia as the site of the United
States Capitol in 1790.
The Residence Act
Congress hired this French engineer
to plan the District of Columbia.
Pierre L’Enfant
Thomas Jefferson’s capitol design
competition gave this award to the
winner.
$500
This man won Thomas Jefferson’s
Capitol design competition.
Dr. William Thornton
Dr. William Thornton held these two
occupations.
Physician and amateur
architect
President Washington praised these
three characteristics of the Capitol.
grandeur, simplicity, and
convenience
President Jefferson later hired this
architect to oversee the ongoing
construction of the Capitol.
Benjamin Henry Latrobe
Benjamin Latrobe studied
architecture and engineering with
these two people.
Samuel Pepys Cockerell and
John Smeaton
These buildings were the three
former projects of Benjamin Latrobe.
St. John’s Church, D. C’s
Lafayette Square, and the
Bank of Pennsylvania
Benjamin Latrobe made these two
additions to the Capitol.
grand staircase and
Corinthian colonnade
Lack of funding paused the
construction of the Capitol in this
year.
1811
Benjamin Latrobe left the Capitol
project but returned to restore the
building after this war.
War of 1812
Benjamin Latrobe designed these
three interior spaces at the Capitol.
National Statuary Hall, Old
Senate Chamber, and the
Old Supreme Court Chamber
The domed, top-lit halls in the
Capitol resemble this temple in
Rome
Pantheon
These types of spaces usually evoke
the heavens and enlightenment.
expansive spaces
This architect replaced Benjamin
Latrobe in the Capitol project in
1818.
Charles Bulfinch
This man was the first official
architect of the Capitol to be born in
the United States.
Charles Bulfinch
Charles Bulfinch is best known for
the design of this building.
Massachusetts Statehouse
In 2012, the Capitol installed this
object to acknowledge the
contributions of enslaved workers.
a sandstone marker
The British troops who burned the
Capitol were under the command of
these two officers.
Vice Admiral Sir Alexander
Cockburn and Major General
Robert Ross
American troops burned this
country’s capital in 1813.
Canada
The British set fire to these three
locations during their attack on
Washington.
The Capitol, the White
House, and the Navy Yard.
Benjamin Latrobe used these five
fireproof materials, which managed
to survive the Capitol fire.
iron, marble, sandstone,
zinc, and copper
Congress members advocated
moving the federal government to
this established city after the Capitol
fire.
Philadelphia
On the Capitol columns, Benjamin
Latrobe replaced traditional
acanthus leaves with these two
American agricultural staples.
corncobs and tobacco leaves
The four sandstone relief panels
above the rotunda in the Capitol
mythologize this relationship.
the relationship between the
settler colonialists and the
native North Americans
The four sandstone relief panels
above the rotunda in the Capitol
feature these three artists.
Antonio Capellano, Nicholas
Gevelot and Enrico Causici
These architectural details of the
Capitol symbolize the unity and
consensus of the nation.
the geometric, symmetrical,
and harmonious architecture.
Liberty caps are traditionally
associated with these people.
freed Roman slaves
This headgear replaced the liberty
cap on the Statue of Freedom atop
the Capitol dome.
a feathered Native American
headdress
This architect designed the Statue of
Freedom sitting atop the Capitol
dome.
Thomas Crawford
This Senator and future president of
the Confederacy objected to the
liberty cap on the Statue of
Freedom.
Jefferson Davis
Thomas Crawford cast the model of
the Statue of Freedom in this alloy.
bronze
Enslaved laborer Phillip Reid
devised this invention to
disassemble the Statue of Freedom.
a pulley system
Thomas Crawford’s Statue of
Freedom arrived from Italy in this
many pieces.
five
Phillip Reid’s emancipation
coincided with this event.
the installation of the Statue
of Freedom
Horatio Greenough created a chalk
statue of this man at twelve.
William Penn, the Quaker
founder of Pennsylvania
This man taught Horatio Greenough
to carve marble.
Alpheus Cray
This man taught Horatio Greenough
to model with clay.
Solomon Willard
Before enrolling at Harvard
University, Horatio Greenough
studied at this academy.
Phillips Academy in Andover,
Massachusetts
While at Harvard, Horatio
Greenough met this mentor who
encouraged his interest in classical
sculpture.
Washington Allston
Horatio Greenough was the first
American sculptor to live and train in
this city.
Florence, Italy
This Danish sculptor mentored
Horatio Greenough in Rome.
Albert Bertel Thorvaldsen
Horatio Greenough wrote this book
based on his experiences in
Florence.
The Travels, Observations
and Experiences of a
Yankee Stonecutter
Horatio Greenough’s writings on
architecture drew from this
architectural principle.
functionalism
Horatio Greenough died of a fever at
this age in 1852.
forty-seven
Horatio Greenough created a
sculpture of this person in 1832 after
being given the first major federal
government art commission.
George Washington
Horatio Greenough’s first
government art commission
awarded him this amount of money.
$20,000
Horatio Greenough based
Washington’s pose on his sculpture
of this ancient Greek statue by the
sculptor Phidias.
statue of Zeus at Olympia
Horatio Greenough fully embraced
this architectural style in his
sculpture of George Washington
neoclassical style
This 1806 portrait by French painter
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
employed the same frontal pose as
the Greek statue of Zeus at Olympia.
Napoleon on his Imperial
Throne
The statue of Zeus at Olympia was
this many feet tall.
forty-one feet tall
The statue of Zeus at Olympia and
the temple that housed it were both
destroyed by this year.
425 CE
Horatio Greenough derived
Washington’s sculpture’s head from
this French artist’s portrait of
Washington.
Jean-Antoine Houdon’s
In Jean-Antoine Houdon’s portrait of
Washington, these two details show
the blend of Neoclassicism and
realism.
personalized facial features
and contemporary civilian
dress
In his portrait, Jean-Antoine Houdon
represented Washington in this
profession.
a gentleman farmer
These two words describe
Washington’s expression in Horatio
Greenough’s sculpture.
stern and foreboding
Relief sculptures on the sides of
Horatio Greenough’s Washington
sculpture depict these two Greek
figures.
infant Hercules and Apollo,
the Greek Sun god
According to the Latin inscription on
the back of Horatio Greenough’s
Washington sculpture, Greenough
made the sculpture as an example
of this right.
freedom
The base of the chair back in Horatio
Greenough’s Washington sculpture
represents these two figures.
a Native American and
Christopher Columbus
This location first hosted Horatio
Greenough’s eleven-foot-tall
Washington sculpture in 1841.
the rotunda of the Capitol
This museum currently holds Horatio
Greenough’s George Washington
sculpture.
the National American
History Museum in
Washington, D.C.
Horatio Greenough blamed the poor
reception of his Washington
sculpture on these two external
factors.
poor lighting and an unstable
pedestal
This art institute installed a
gravestone with a portrait and a
quote at Robert Duncanson’s
unmarked grave.
Detroit Institute of Arts
Horatio Greenough’s Washington
sculpture weighed this many tons.
twelve
Mary Edmonia Lewis was born on
this date.
July 4th, 1844
Edmonia Lewis’s mother, Catherine
Lewis, is of this Native American
descent.
Ojibwa (Chippewa)
Edmonia Lewis had this Chippewa
name.
Wildfire
Both of Edmonia Lewis’s parents
died when Edmonia was this age.
nine
Edmonia Lewis’s older brother left
for California following this historic
event.
the Gold Rush
Edmonia and her family sold these
types of crafts to tourists.
Native American crafts
Edmonia Lewis was cleared of this
first crime in 1862.
poisoning the wine of two
classmates with “Spanish fly”
Oberlin College was the first college
in the United States to admit these
three demographics.
African Americans, Native
Americans, and women
Edmonia Lewis could not graduate
despite being cleared of this second
crime.
theft
These two abolitionists helped
Edmonia Lewis to become a
sculptor.
William Lloyd Garrison and
Lydia Maria Child
Edmonia Lewis studied with this
sculptor, who also helped set up her
own studio.
Edward Brackett
Edmonia Lewis achieved financial
success after selling her portrait of
these two abolitionists.
John Brown and Colonel
Robert Gould Shaw
Edmonia Lewis traveled to these
three European cities before settling
in Rome.
London, Paris, and Florence
This sculptor welcomed Edmonia
Lewis into a community of American
women sculptors in Rome.
Harriet Hosmer
Harriet Hosmer unofficially led a
group that included these three
female sculptors.
Emma Stebbins, Louisa
Lander, and Vinnie Ream
Many people in the nineteenth
century thought this aspect of
sculpting too “masculine” for women.
physicality
The cult of true womanhood in the
United States emphasized these
four traits above all other qualities.
domesticity, piety, purity, and
submissiveness
Edmonia Lewis did not want to find a
reminder of this human variation in
social situations.
color
Plentiful sculpture, marble,
assistants, and wealthy clients made
this European country a popular
location for sculptors.
Rome
This is Edmonia Lewis’s first major
work, finished the year after she first
arrived in Rome.
Forever Free
Edmonia Lewis’s Forever Free has
this original title.
The Morning of Liberty
The words “forever free” inscribed
on the base of Edmonia Lewis’s
Forever Free sculpture allude to this
executive order.
Emancipation Proclamation
The classical pose of the bare-
chested man in Edmonia Lewis’s
Forever Free has this name.
contrapposto
This detail in Edmonia Lewis’s
Forever Free implies that the
subjects have not fully attained
freedom.
an intact manacle on one of
their arms
Critics of Edmonia Lewis’s Forever
Free argue that the man and woman
in the sculpture reinforce these
stereotypes.
male aggression and female
passivity
This feature of the Edmonia Lewis’s
sculpture Forever Free could allude
to sexual assault.
lack of distinctly African
features
Edmonia Lewis embraced this
architectural style.
Neoclassicism
Edmonia Lewis’s 1872 work Old
Arrow Maker is based on this
Longfellow poem.
The Song of Hiawatha
Hiawatha was from this Native
American group.
Ojibwa
Edmonia Lewis’s Old Arrow Maker
counters this myth.
“vanishing Indian” myth
Edmonia Lewis’s Old Arrow Maker
espouses these two values, which
appealed to middle-class audiences.
values of hard work and
family
These types of sculptures use
nature as both material and subject
matter.
totem poles
These peoples carved totem poles in
Alaska in the nineteenth century.
Haida and Tlingit people
British artist and mapmaker John
White accompanied expeditions to
this location.
Roanoke Island, North
Carolina
John White’s watercolors focused on
this aspect of marine life and
agriculture.
the abundance of natural
resources
This artistic movement flourished in
Europe and North America in the
nineteenth century.
Romanticism
American artists celebrated the
country’s identity and freedom from
tradition by focusing on these two
natural aspects of their nation in
their art.
the wilderness and dramatic
landscapes
This man popularized the genre of
landscape painting in the United
States.
Thomas Cole
Thomas Cole’s Oxbow depicts this
landscape.
The Connecticut River near
Northampton
Thomas Cole’s followers adopted
this name.
the Hudson River School
These two artists painted sublime
depictions of the western United
States that encouraged settlement
and westward expansion.
Albert Bierstadt and Alfred
Jacob Miller
This painter documented natural
wonders for eastern audiences and
inspired the modern conservation
movement.
Thomas Moran
This painter’s 1871 landscapes
persuaded Congress to establish
Yellowstone as a national park.
Thomas Moran
The ancestral Pueblo people
inhabited the Four Corners region
during these centuries.
ninth and twelfth centuries
These four states meet in the Four
Corners.
southeastern Utah,
northeastern Arizona,
northwest New Mexico, and
southwestern Colorado.
The name “Pueblo” refers to this
community.
the region’s Indigenous
people and their stone or
adobe dwellings
This is the ancient culture that lived
at the Four Corners.
the Anasazi
The word “Anasazi” comes from
Navajo and translates to this.
“enemy ancestors”
The ancestral Pueblo developed
farming communities sometime
between these Common Era years.
700 and 1000 CE
This term describes Pueblo Bonito’s
massive, multi-story stone buildings
constructed directly from the natural
landscape.
great houses
Pueblo Bonito was one of nine great
houses in this area in present-day
New Mexico.
Chaco Canyon
The Spanish name “Pueblo Bonito”
translates to this English phrase.
“pretty village”
This expedition first recorded the
name “Pueblo Bonito.”
Washington Expedition of
1849
The name “Pueblo Bonito” may have
come from this expedition leader’s
Mexican guide.
.
Lieutenant James Simpson’s
Mexican guide, Carabajal
The Navajo name for Pueblo Bonito,
“tse biyaa anii’ahi,” translates to this
English phrase.
“leaning rock gap”
A slab of sandstone crushed part of
Pueblo Bonito in this year.
1941
Pueblo Bonito held temporary clan
gatherings for these three events.
religious ceremonies,
trading. and knowledge
sharing.
The oldest sections of Pueblo Bonito
consist of these types of stones.
rough stones staked to the
ground
Between 1903 and 1904, Governor
Brady personally visited Tlingit and
Haida coastal villages in the vicinity
of this Southeast Alaskan island.
Prince of Wales Island
The expansive structure of Pueblo
Bonito formed a semi-circle with
somewhere between this many
rooms.
600 to 800 rooms
Although only the outlines of the first
floor of Pueblo Bonito are visible,
some sections were this many
stories high.
four stories
In Pueblo Bonito, these circular,
below-ground rooms hosted
ceremonies political gatherings.
kivas
Pueblo Bonito contained three large
kivas and this many smaller kivas.
thirty-two
Rock carvings also have this name.
petroglyphs
Many buildings in Pueblo Bonito
align with these astronomical events.
solstices
Pueblo Bonito has this distinct door
design.
T-shaped doors
A network of wide, straight roads
connects more than this many great
houses in the larger region of Pueblo
Bonito.
150
The trees used for the roofs of the
buildings in Pueblo Bonito are native
to these two locations.
San Mateo and Chuska
Mountains
Building a great house requires
about this many trees.
240,000
The native trees used to construct
the roofs of buildings in Pueblo
Bonito came from more than this
many miles away.
fifty miles
Structures of this material kept
people cool during the summer and
insulated inhabitants in the winter.
stone
Archaeologists have uncovered this
many artifacts in Pueblo Bonito.
15,000
Pueblo Bonito held remains of this
bird, native to a region a thousand
miles south of Mexico.
scarlet macaw
Traces of this Mexican plant suggest
trade networks between
Mesoamerican and Southwestern
communities.
cacao
Pueblo Bonito traded this gemstone
for other items.
turquoise
This far south peninsula contained
turquoise from the region of Pueblo
Bonito.
Yucatan peninsula
As Chaco Canyon receded from
prominence, this area took on
greater significance.
Mesa Verde, Colorado
Around 1150 CE, people from
Pueblo Bonito moved from the valley
floor into these easier to defend
natural features.
side of cliffs
Summer rain fell regularly and
plentifully between these two
centuries in Pueblo Bonito.
tenth and twelfth centuries
Puebloans and these two tribes view
Pueblo Bonito as sacred land.
Zuni and Hopi
President Theodore Roosevelt
passed this act establishing Chaco
as a national monument.
Antiquities Act of 1906
Charles Willson Peale originally
studied to become this occupation in
Annapolis, Maryland.
saddler
Charles Willson Peale met this artist
in Boston in 1765.
John Singleton Copley
Peale convinced several lawyers
and merchants to fund a trip for him
to study painting in London with this
artist in 1767.
Benjamin West
After studying abroad for two years,
Charles Willson Peale established
himself as a portrait painter in this
region.
Mid-Atlantic region
Peale moved to this city in 1776.
Philadelphia
In 1779, Peale painted a full-length
portrait of this man on the battlefield
as a commission.
George Washington
Charles Willson Peale coordinated
the first group exhibition of American
art and artists in the United States in
this year.
1795
Charles Willson Peale promoted this
subject as art.
science
Charles Willson Peale opened the
first natural history museum in
America in this year.
1786
Charles Willson Peale’s collection
included more than ninety mammals,
seven hundred birds, and this many
insects.
four thousand
Charles Willson Peale’s national
museum integrated into this
museum in 1822.
Philadelphia Museum
These two national museums
opened in 1759 and 1793,
respectively.
British Museum and the
Louvre
Charles Willson Peale viewed art
and this ideology as profoundly
connected.
nationalism
Charles Willson Peale stayed in the
United States despite these two
artists moving to England
permanently.
John Singleton Copley and
Benjamin West
Charles Willson Peale named
several of his many children after
these four famous artists.
Angelica Kauffman,
Rembrandt, Titian and
Raphael
Charles Wilson Peale devoted
himself to this political party.
Whig
Charles Wilson Peale attempted to
establish a first American fine arts
academy by this name.
Columbianum
Charles Willson Peale led an
expedition in New York’s Hudson
Valley to exhume this animal’s
skeleton that he eventually displayed
in his museum.
mastodon
With this name, Peale’s self-portrait
shows Peale’s shared passion for art
and science.
The Artist in His Museum
Charles Willson Peale died in this
city in 1827.
Philadelphia
Charles Willson Peale purchased
the fossils and secured the rights to
excavate the mastodon for this much
money.
three hundred dollars
A farmer from this city discovered
mastodon fossils on his property in
1798.
Newburgh, New York
Charles Willson Peale excavated the
mastodon in August 1801 with this
many workers.
Thirty-five
These are the dimensions of Charles
Willson Peale’s Exhumation of the
Mastodon.
Four by five-foot
Despite only having a team of thirty-
five workers, Charles Willson
Peale’s Exhumation of the Mastodon
includes this many people.
seventy
Only Peale’s son Rembrandt was on
the mastodon site, yet the painting
includes most of his children and
these two women.
Peale’s second and third
wives
The dark storm clouds in Charles
Willson Peale’s Exhumation of the
Mastodon could refer to these
experiments.
Benjamin Franklin’s
electricity experiments
Charles Willson Peale holds this
item with the help of his family in
The Exhumation of the Mastodon.
oversized drawing of a
mastodon bone
The wooden scaffold at the center of
the Exhumation of the Mastodon
painting forms a pyramid that draws
the eye to this feature.
the water pit at the base of the scaffold
The verticality of the pulley in the
Exhumation of the Mastodon
painting leads the eye upwards into
this region.
the sky
The wooden scaffold and the
verticality of the pulley in Peale’s
Exhumation of the Mastodon imply
that the excavation is this type of
journey.
a journey from darkness to
enlightenment
This location hosted the first
mastodon skeleton assembled for
display.
Madrid, Spain
Charles Willson Peale tasked this
man with creating substitutes for the
missing mastodon bones.
Rembrandt Peale
Rembrandt Peale, William Rush,
and Moses Williams created
substitute bones for the mastodon
from these two materials.
carved wood and papier-
mâche
This prominent French scientist
claimed that North American animals
were inferior versions of European
animals.
Georges-Louis Leclerc
In 1785, this man refuted Georges-
Louis Leclerc’s claims of North
American animals being inferior to
European animals.
Thomas Jefferson
Robert Seldon Duncanson was born
around this year in Fayette, New
York.
1821
Both Robert Duncanson’s father and
grandfather were free tradesmen
who worked in these two
occupations.
house painters and
carpenters
This man was the first African
American to attain international
acclaim as an artist.
Robert Seldon Duncanson
Robert Duncanson launched his
career by advertising these two
services in a local newspaper in
Monroe, Michigan.
housepainter and glazier
Robert Duncanson taught himself to
draw with these two methods.
copying prints and painting
portraits
Robert Duncanson moved to this city
to pursue a career as a fine artist.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Robert Duncanson’s art improved
during the 1840s as he traveled as
an itinerant artist between these
three locations.
Cincinnati, Detroit, and
Monroe
Robert Duncanson, T. Worthington
Whittredge, and William Sonntag
defined this art style.
Ohio River Valley style
This character from Harriet Beecher
Stowe’s 1852 novel, Uncle Tom’s
Cabin, crossed the icy Ohio River
with her infant daughter in search of
freedom.
Eliza
Nicholas Longworth commissioned
Robert Duncanson to paint a series
of murals in this location.
Nicholas Longworth’s home,
the Belmont Mansion
After returning from a European tour
in 1853, Robert Duncanson gained a
new interest in the painterly
landscapes and atmospheric effects
of these two artists.
Claude Lorrain and J.M.W.
Turner
These two men painted the
panoramic abolitionist painting
Mammoth Pictorial Tour of the
United States Comprising Views of
the African Slave Trade.
Robert Duncanson and
James Presley Ball
Robert Duncanson colored
photographic prints and retouched
portraits in this studio.
Ball’s studio
Racial strife and turmoil of the Civil
war caused Robert Duncanson to
flee to this city and country.
Montreal, Canad
This photographer emigrated to
Liberia in search of equal rights.
Augustus Washington
Robert Duncanson left Montreal for
these two countries in 1865.
England and Scotland
Soon after returning to the United
States, Robert Duncanson started
suffering from this condition.
dementia
This magazine described Robert
Duncanson’s work as “delicious” and
called him a master.
London Art Journal
Exposure to house paint may have
led to Robert Duncanson’s dementia
via this cause.
lead poisoning
This museum devoted an exhibition
to Robert Duncanson in 1972.
Cincinnati Art Museum
These two structures fill the
Cincinnati skyline in Robert
Duncanson’s View of Cincinnati,
Ohio from Covington, Kentucky.
factory buildings and smokestacks
Robert Duncanson based View of
Cincinnati, Ohio from Covington,
Kentucky on an engraving of a
daguerreotype that appeared in this
magazine in June 1848.
Graham’s Magazine
Robert Duncanson changed this
detail on the figures of View of
Cincinnati, Ohio from Covington,
Kentucky.
their race (from white to
black)
This river separated slave-state
Kentucky from the more
industrialized and abolitionist Ohio.
Ohio River
Enslaved people would attempt to
flee Kentucky in this way during the
winter.
crossing the Ohio River on
foot
The rivers in Robert Duncanson’s
landscapes correlate with these two
concepts
freedom and escape
Harriet Beecher Stowe featured the
Ohio River prominently in this 1852
novel.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
This Robert Duncanson painting
features characters from Harriet
Beecher Stowe’s book, Uncle Tom’s
Cabin.
Uncle Tom and Little Eva
This style is a second-generation
school of landscape painting.
Ohio River Valley style
These three artists embarked on
several sketching tours searching for
inspiring views.
Robert Duncanson, T.
Worthington, and William
Sonntag
This artist influenced the large
expanses of sky in Robert
Duncanson’s 1850s paintings.
Claude Lorrain
Robert Duncanson created his own
style of the Ohio River Valley
landscape with literary allusions to
these three writers.
Henry Longfellow, Lord
Alfred Tennyson, and Harriet
Beecher Stowe.
While leaving Canada for Britain in
1865, Robert Duncanson stopped
here to exhibit his work.
Dublin, Ireland
These three aristocrats and royals
received Robert Duncanson.
Duchess of Sutherland,
Marquis of Westminster, and
the Duchess of Argyll
The King of Sweden purchased this
painting by Robert Duncanson
The Land of the Lotus Eaters
Totem poles require these types of
trees.
red cedar trees
Most totem poles have this height
range.
nine to fifty-nine feet tall
These three Indigenous tribes use
similar graphic design elements in
their wood carvings.
the Tlingit, Haida, and
Tsimshian people
Common motifs on totem poles
include these art elements.
formlines
This United States President
designated Stika National Historical
Park as a park in 1890.
Benjamin Harrison
This area is the home of the Tlingit
people.
Southeastern panhandle of
Alaska
This incident caused the Tlingit to
withdraw from their near victory
against the Russians in the Battle of
Sitka in 1804.
their gunpowder reserves
exploding
The United States bought Alaska
from Russia for 7.2 million dollars,
approximately this much money per
acre.
two cents
This governor of Alaska assembled
a collection of totem poles for the
Alaskan display in the Louisiana
Purchase Exhibition, or World’s Fair,
held in St. Louis in 1904.
John G. Brady
The original Gaanax.ádi/Raven
Crest Pole was one of this many
Tlingit and Haida totem poles sent to
St. Louis.
15
The two totem poles that John G.
Brady sold ended up in these two
museums.
Milwaukee Public Museum
and Eiteljorg Museum of
American Indians and
Western Art in Indianapolis
After the St. Louis fair closed, the
Alaskan totem poles traveled to this
exposition in 1905.
Lewis and Clark Centennial
Exposition in Portland
This practice remains controversial
within Tlingit and Haida
communities.
restoring and repairing totem
poles
John G. Brady and this
photographer selected the locations
of the totem poles in the Sitka
National Park.
Elbridge W. Merrill
This Tuxekan chief donated the
original Raven Crest Pole to
Governor John G. Brady and the
Alaskan government in 1903.
Chief Gunyah
This United States president created
the Civilian Conservation Corps, or
CCC, work program in his New Deal.
President Franklin Roosevelt
This many people visited the
Alaskan exhibition at the St. Louis
World’s fair.
between 18 million and 19
million people
The CCC employed this master
carver to train younger CCC recruits
in traditional carving practices.
Lkeináa (George Benson)
The Civilian Conservation Corps
employed nearly this many young
Native people.
200
Sitka National Park collected this
many totem poles from uninhabited
villages.
100
These two artists carved the 1983
reproduction of the Raven Crest
Pole.
Nathan Jackson and Steve
Brown
The Raven, or totem animal, refers
to this type of group in Raven Crest
Pole.
the moiety or social group
The Tlingit and Haida people belong
to either one of these two moieties.
Raven or Eagle
A whale is present in this area of the
Raven Crest Pole.
near the center
The whale on the Raven Crest Pole
may refer to this tale.
the legend of the raven and
the whale
In the legend of the raven and the
whale, the raven is this kind of
figure.
a trickster figure/transformer
