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week 65 > Arrhythmias-Dr. Hasan > Flashcards

Arrhythmias-Dr. Hasan Flashcards

1
Q

Are MI, Heart Attack, and Cardiac Arrest the same thing?

A
  • Heart Attack=MI
  • Cardiac Arrest
    • heart stops beating
    • arrhythmia can cause
    • low survival rate
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2
Q

Define Arrhythmia

A
  • Any variation in the normal heartbeat or sequences of electrical impulses
  • includes disturbance in:
    • rhythm
    • rate
    • conduction pattern of heart
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3
Q

What population of people do arrhythmias affect more frequently?

A
  • Elderly
    • smokers
    • IHD
    • Drugs-cocaine
  • Present in 13% >65y.o.
    • directly cause 36,000 deaths annually
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4
Q

How many deaths do arrhythmias contribute to?

A

460,000

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5
Q

What is the most common type of arrhythmia?

A
  • Atrial Fibrillation
    • 2.6 million
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6
Q

What drugs effect heartbeat?

A
  • Asthma meds
    • cause fast heartbeat
    • inhaled corticosteroids
    • albuterol
  • Antibiotics
    • fast heart rate
    • Azithromycin
    • Amoxicillin
    • Levofloxacin
    • Ciprofloxacin
  • Thyroid
    • Levothyroxine
  • Antidepressants
  • Supplements
    • fast or irregular heartbeat
    • valerian
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7
Q

Recreational Drugs which may effect heartbeat?

A
  • Cocaine
  • Methamphetamine
  • LSD
  • Ecstasy
  • Synthetic Cathinone’s (Bath Salts
  • Rohypnol
    • benzodiazepine
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8
Q

Describe the Conduction system of the heart

A
  • Depolarization of the SA (sinus) node
  • Impulse spread to atria
    • atria contract
    • blood pumped out
  • AV node depolarizes
  • Impulse spread to Bundle of His-→R/R Bundle branches
    • Results in contraction of ventricles
    • blood pumped out of ventricles
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9
Q

What are the different types of arrhythmias?

A
  • Premature (extra) Beats
  • Supraventricular Arrhythmias
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10
Q

Arrhythmias: Premature Beats

A
  • aka Extra Beats
  • most common type
  • harmless most of the time
  • Causes:
    • Naturally-most common
    • heart disease
    • stress
    • to much exercise
    • to much caffeine or nicotine
  • usually don’t cause symptoms
  • Symptoms:
    • fluttering in chest
    • skipped heartbeat feeling
  • No Tx
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11
Q

What are premature beats that occur in the atria called?

A

Premature atrial contractions (PACs)

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12
Q

What are premature beats that occur in the ventricles called?

A

Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs)

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13
Q

Supraventricular Arrhythmias

A
  • Tachycardia’s that start in the atria or AV node
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14
Q

AV node

A
  • group of cells located b/w the atria and ventricles
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15
Q

What are the different types of supra ventricular arrhythmias?

A
  • Atrial Fibrillation
  • atrial flutter
  • paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)
  • Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome
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16
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A
  • most common serious arrhythmia
  • very fast and irregular contraction of the atria
  • Heart’s electrical signals don’t begin in the SA node
    • begin in another part of atria or in pulmonary veins
  • risk increases with age
17
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A
  • most common serious arrhythmia
  • very fast and irregular contraction of the atria
  • Heart’s electrical signals don’t begin in the SA node
    • begin in another part of atria or in pulmonary veins
      *
18
Q

What causes Atrial Fibrillation

A
  • Damage to heart’s electrical system due to other conditions that affect the health of the heart
    • Hypertension
    • Coronary Heart Disease
    • Rheumatic Heart Disease
    • Inflammation
  • other conditions:
    • overactive thyroid-to much TH produced
    • Heavy alcohol use
19
Q

What are the 2 main complications of AF?

A
  • Stroke
  • Heart Failure
20
Q

Atrial Flutter

A
  • Similar to AF except
    • hearts signals spread through atria fast and regular rhythm (not irregular)
  • Less common than AF
  • similar symptoms and complications to AF
21
Q

Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia

A
  • PSVT
  • very fast heart rate that begins and ends suddenly
  • problems w/electrical conduction b/w atria and ventricles
    • signals that begin in the atria and travel to the ventricles can re-enter the atria, causing extra heartbeats
  • Usually not dangerous
  • young people
  • vigorous physical activity
22
Q

Wolff-Parkinson-White-Syndrome

A
  • special type of PSVT
  • signals travel down extra pathway:
    • from atria to ventricles
    • disrupts timing of hearts electrical signals
  • cause ventricles to beat very fast
  • life threatening
23
Q

Ventricular Arrhythmias

A
  • Start in the ventricles
  • very dangerous
  • require medical care right away
24
Q

What are the different types of ventricular arrhythmias?

A
  • Types:
    • Ventricular tachycardia
    • ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)
25
Q

What are the different causes of ventricular arrhythmias?

A
  • Causes:
    • Coronary Heart Disease
    • Heart Attack
    • weak heart muscle
26
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia

A
  • Fast, regular beating of ventricles
    • Lastsonly a few seconds or longer
    • Few beats-no probblems
    • longer-dangerous
  • can turn into other more serious arrhythmias
    • V-fib
27
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A
  • when disorganized signals make ventricles quiver instead of pump normally
  • sudden cardiac arrest and death can occur within minutes
  • to prevent death
    • must be treated right away w/defibrillation-electric shot to heart
  • Can occur:
    • during or after heart attack or
    • in already weak heart due to another condition
28
Q

Bradyarrhythmias

A
  • slow HR
    • if HR is too slow, not enough blood reaches the brain
      • can cause you to pass out
  • In Adults: HR<60BPM
    • normal in people who are fit
29
Q

What can cause bradyarrhythmias?

A
  • Heart Attacks
  • conditions that harm or change the hearts electrical activity
    • underachieve thyroid
    • aging
  • Potassium imbalance in blood
  • Medicines
    • beta blockers
    • calcium channel blockers
    • anti arrhythmic meds
    • digoxin
30
Q

Diagnosis: Physical Exam

A
  • Listen:
    • to rate & rhythm of heartbeat
    • for heart murmur
      • extra or unusual sound
  • Check
    • pulse
    • swelling in legs or feet
      • signs of enlarged heart or HF
  • Look for signs of other diseases
    • thyroid disease
31
Q

What do doctors do if they want to diagnose arrhythmias that come and go?

A
  • Wear portable EKG monitor
    • Holter
    • Event monitors
32
Q

Holter & Event Monitors

A
  • Holter monitor
    • records hearts electrical signal for 24-48 hours
  • Event monitor
    • only records hearts electrical activity at certain times
    • push bottom to start the monitor when they feel symptoms
      • some start automatically when they sense abnormal heart rhythms
    • send data to central monitoring station
    • wear for weeks or until symptoms occur
33
Q

Diagnosis: Diagnostic Tests & Procedures

A
  • Electrocardiogram (EKG)
34
Q

Diagnosis: Other Tests

A
  • Blood tests
  • Chest X-ray
  • Echocardiography
  • Stress test
35
Q

Treatments: Medicines

A

No medicines to speed up slow HR

  • Used to Slow Fast HR & Tx AF
    • Beta Blockers (-olol)
    • Calcium channel blockers
      • diltiazem
      • verapamil
      • digoxin
  • Restore normal heart rhythm→side effects make arrhythmia worse or cause different kind
    • amiodarone
    • propafenone
  • Both
    • Antiarrhythmics
      • slow down heart when beating to fast
      • change abnormal heart rhythm to normal, steady
  • Blood Thinners→Tx AF
    • Warfarin
    • heparin
    • asprin
36
Q

Treatments: Medical Procedures

A
  • Slow HR
    • Pacemakers
  • Cardioversion (aka defibrillation)
    • jolt of electricity to heart
  • Implantable Cardioverter defibrillation (ICD)
    • V-Fib
    • electrical impulses or shocks to help control life-threatening arrhytmias
    • continuously monitors heartbeat

week 65 (6 decks)

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