Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular > Arrhythmias > Flashcards

Arrhythmias Flashcards

1
Q

Name three types of sinus arrhythmia

A
  • sinus arrhythmia
  • sinus tachycardia
  • sinus bradycardia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name three supraventricular tachycardia?

A
  • atrial flutter
  • atrial fibrillation
  • ectopic atrial tachycardia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of supraventricular bradycardia?

A
  • sinus bradycardia

- sinus pauses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name four ventricular arrhythmias

A
  • premature ventricular complexes
  • ventricular tachycardia
  • ventricular fibrillation
  • asystole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name three AV node arrhythmias

A
  • AV nodal re-entry tachycardia
  • AV re-entry tachycardia
  • AV block
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

State six causes of arrhythmias

A
  • abnormal anatomy
  • autonomic nervous system
  • metabolic
  • inflammation
  • drugs
  • genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

State six common symptoms of arrhythmias

A
  • palpitations
  • SOB
  • dizziness
  • pre syncope/syncope
  • sudden cardiac death
  • angina/heart failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What investigations can be done on a patient with a suspected arrhythmia?

A
  • 12 lead ECG
  • ECHO
  • stress ECG
  • 24 hour ECG
  • event recorder
  • electrophysical study
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a sinus bradycardia and what causes it?

A

HR<60bpm, physiological (athlete), drugs (beta blocker), ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is sinus bradycardia treated?

A

Atropine in an acute setting, in the case of haemodynamic compromise - pacing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is sinus tachycardia and what causes it?

A

HR >100bpm, physiological (fever, anxiety) & drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can sinus tachycardia be treated?

A
  • treat underlying cause

- beta blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe normal sinus arrhythmia

A

Variation in heart rate due to reflex changes in vagal tone during respiration, inspiration increases vagal tone & HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe ectopic atrial tachycardia

A

premature beats are caused by ectopic impulses which result in abnormal P waves - inverted or absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is treatment required for ectopic atria tachycardia?

A

No - avoid excessive caffeine and cigarettes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes atrial flutter?

A

Re-entry due to an area of slowed conduction near the IVC - the atria conduct much more than the ventricles as every 2nd/3rd impulses passes through the AV node to the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can atrial flutter be recognised on an ECG?

A

sawtooth with absent P waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe atrial fibrillation

A

Multiple chaotic impulses initiated randomly from ectopic sites in the atria. The AV node is unable to conduct all APs leading to reduced conduction to ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can AF be recognised on an ECG?

A

no P waves, narrow QRS, irregularly irregular rhythm

20
Q

In the case of acute supraventricular tachycardias what is the treatment?

A
  • Increase vagal tone by vagal manoeuvres
  • Diving Reflex
  • Slow AVN conduction by IV adenosine/verapamil
21
Q

What is the treatment for chronic supraventricular arrhythmias?

A
  • avoid stimulants
  • EP study & radio frequency ablation
  • beta blockers
  • anti- arrhythmic drugs
22
Q

Describe AV Nodal Re-entrant tachycardia

A

Accessory pathway between atrium and AV node, rapid but normal QRS complexes are followed immediately by a p wave

23
Q

Describe AV re-entrant tachycardia

A

Accessory pathway between atria and ventricles can lead to Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome which has a delta wave

24
Q

What is the accessory pathway called in WPW syndrome?

A

Bundle of Kent

25
Q

What will WPW syndrome look like on an ECG?

A
  • short PR
  • delta wave
  • long QRS
  • T inversion
26
Q

State some causes of heart block (won’t remember them all)

A

Ageing, acute MI, myocarditis, infiltrative disease, drugs, calcific aortic valve disease, post-aortic valve surgery, genetics

27
Q

Describe 1st degree heart block

A

slowed conduction, PR interval is longer but does not require treatment

28
Q

Describe 2nd degree heart block

A

Mobitz type 1 - PR interval increases until a beat drops

Mobitz type 2 - PR is the same but a beat drops every 2/3 beats

29
Q

Describe third degree heart block

A

No APs from SA node get to the AV node so P waves without QRS may be seen

30
Q

What causes premature ventricular contractions?

A

Structural - LVH & HF

Metabolic - IHB & electrolytes

31
Q

How can premature ventricular contractions be treated?

A

Beta blockers & ablation

32
Q

What causes ventricular tachycardia?

A

usually significant heart disease, CAD, previous MI

33
Q

State some rarer causes of VT

A
  • long QT syndrome, Brugada or cardiomyopathy
34
Q

What are the two types of VT?

A

Monomorphic & Polymorphic

35
Q

Describe the difference between mono and poly morphic VT

A

monomorphic - all QRS look the same & impulses all come from the same place in the heart
polymorphic - all QRS look different & impulses come from different parts of the heart

36
Q

Give an example of a polymorphic VT

A

torsades de pointes

37
Q

What is the treatment for acute VT?

A

Defibrillation if unstable
Anti-arrhythmic drugs if stable
Correct triggers

38
Q

What is the long term treatment of VT?

A

revascularisation
anti arrhythmic drugs
ICD
VT catheter ablation

39
Q

Define ventricular fibrillation

A

Chaotic ventricular electrical activity means the heart cannot pump

40
Q

What is the treatment for VF?

A

defibrillation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation

41
Q

What happens in asystole?

A

There are no ventricular contractions

42
Q

What effect does AF have on perfusion & CO?

A

It reduces diastole where the coronary arteries are perfused this leads to ischaemia. It also reduced ventricular filling & cardiac output

43
Q

What are the three types of AF?

A

Paroxysmal/episodic
Persistent
Permanent

44
Q

Describe paroxysmal AF

A

lasts less than 48 hours, often recurrent

45
Q

Describe persistent AF

A

more than 48 hours, can be cardioverted but unlikely to spontaneously revert

46
Q

Describe permanent AF

A

inability of treatment to restore NSR

47
Q

What is the general management for AF?

A

Rate & Rhythm control

Anti-coagulation

Cardiovascular (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions