Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What nerves innervate the diaphragm and where are they found in relation to the heart?

A

C3,4,5

Descend across the lateral aspect of the heart within the pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

sac that surrounds the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

State the layers of the pericardium

A
  • Fibrous

- Serous (visceral & parietal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

State the term used to describe blood in the pericardium what disease can it lead to?

A

Haemopericardium if the pressure around the heart prevents cardiac contraction it is known as cardiac tamponade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the procedure used to relieve cardiac tamponade

A

pericardiocentesis - needle is inserted via the infrasternal angel just below the costal margin and directed superoposterioly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the position of the great vessels in comparison to the transverse pericardial sinus

A

aorta and pulmonary trunk lie anteriorly and the superior vena cava lies posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the three heart surfaces

A
  • anterior
  • base
  • inferior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name four heart borders

A
  • right
  • left
  • inferior
  • superior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where can the apex beat be found?

A

5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can displace the apex beat?

A

Enlargement of the heart - cardiomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can you tell the difference between the phrenic and vagus nerve?

A

Phrenic nerve is anterior to the lung root whereas the vagus nerve is medial and posterior to the lung root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the vein that carries blood back from the head and neck

A

Internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the vein that carries blood back from the upper limbs

A

subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein combine to form?

A

brachiocephalic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do the right and left BCV combine to form?

A

superior vena cava which carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the branches of the pulmonary trunk

A

right & left pulmonary artery - carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does the blood travel back from the lungs?

A

Through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the three parts of the aorta

A
  • ascending
  • arch
  • descending
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the first branch of the aorta?

A

ascending - coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the aortic arch branch into?

A
  • brachiocephalic trunk

- common carotid & subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the descending aorta lead to?

A

lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe auricles

A

extensions of the atria, when the atria fill with blood so do the auricles and this allows expansion of the atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the coronary groove

A

contains the right coronary artery and marks the separation between the right atria and ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the anterior interventricular groove

A

contains the left coronary artery and marks the separation of the right and left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the difference between the base and the inferior of the heart?

A

base - left atrium

inferior - ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What separates the base and the inferior of the heart?

A

coronary sinus which drains deoxygenated blood from the heart to the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name two branches of the right coronary artery

A
  • right marginal artery supplies the right ventricle

- posterior interventricular artery moves round the back of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name four branches of the left coronary artery

A
  • left anterior descending/anterior interventricular artery
  • lateral diagonal branch comes off the LAD
  • circumflex artery branches off the main stem to join the PIA
  • left marginal artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What veins drain into the coronary sinus?

A

Cardiac veins

30
Q

What divides the right and left side of the heart?

A

Septum (inter atrial & inter ventricular)

31
Q

What happens if there is a hole in the septum?

A

Results in a mix of deoxygenated & oxygenated blood causing hypoxaemia

32
Q

Name the three openings of the right atrium

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Coronary sinus
33
Q

Where can the SA node be found?

A

Just below the SVC opening

34
Q

What is the oval fossa?

A

Depression on the septal wall formed by the fetal heart

35
Q

Name the structure that divides the rough auricle and smooth part of the atria

A

crista terminalis

36
Q

Name the four heart valves

A
  • tricuspid (RA & RV)
  • pulmonary (RV & pulmonary trunk)
  • mitral (LA & LV)
  • aortic (LV & aorta)
37
Q

What type of valve separates the atria and ventricles?

A

leaflet - tendinous cords extend from the valve to papillary muscles which attach to chamber walls

38
Q

As well as leaflet what other types of valve design is there?

A

Semilunar

39
Q

How do semilunar valves shut?

A

The pockets catch blood as it begins to reflux back filling of these causes the valves to shut after contraction

40
Q

Name the structure that allows all cusps to close at the same time

A

Moderator band

41
Q

In sympathetic innervation what happens to the presynaptic fibres from the brain?

A
  1. Travel inferiorly within spinal cord tracts

2. exit the spinal cord in a thoracolumbar nerve (T1-L2/3)

42
Q

State five things that can happen to the nerve after it leaves the spinal cord

A
  • travel up to a ganglion
  • travel down to a ganglion
  • go into the ganglion at that level
  • pass through to synapse at abdominal pre vertebral ganglia
  • pass straight to the adrenal medulla
43
Q

What nerves supply the heart?

A

Cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

44
Q

What kind of fibres does the cardiac plexus contain?

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
  • visceral afferent
45
Q

What nerves carry parasympathetic signals?

A

CIII - Occulomotor
CVII - Abjucant
CIX - glossopharyngeal
CX - vagus

46
Q

Where are the ganglia of parasympathetic nerves?

A

CIII, VII, IX are in the head

CX are in the organ walls

47
Q

State six sources of somatic chest pain

A
  • muscular
  • joint
  • bony
  • intervertebral disc
  • fibrous pericardium
  • nerve
48
Q

How may a patient describe somatic pain?

A

sharp, stabbing, localised

49
Q

Give three examples of conditions that present with somatic pain

A
  • shingles
  • dislocated joint
  • pericarditis
50
Q

State four sources of visceral pain

A
  • heart & great vessels
  • trachea
  • oesophagus
  • abdominal viscerae
51
Q

How may a patient describe visceral pain?

A

dull, aching, nauseating

52
Q

Give examples of causes of visceral pain

A
  • ruptured aortic aneurysm
  • angina
  • MI
  • oesophagitis
53
Q

Define radiating pain

A

pain felt in the chest and felt spreading from there to upper limbs, back and neck

54
Q

Define referred pain

A

pain only felt at site remote from area of tissue damage in the chest

55
Q

Where does radiating pain spread to from the heart?

A

Dermatomes supplied by the spinal cord levels at which the cardiac visceral afferents enter the sympathetic chain

56
Q

Explain the ‘delusion of the mind’ theory

A

due to afferent fibres from soma and visceral entering the spinal cord at the same level the brain choses to believe the pain signals are coming from the organ are actually from the soma e.g. upper limbs, back & jaw

57
Q

Define myocardial infarction

A

irreversible death of part of the myocardium due to occlusion of tis arterial supply

58
Q

State the three types of MI

A
  • anterior
  • inferior
  • anterolateral
59
Q

Describe the dominant blood supply of most patients

A

70% right dominant
15% left dominant
Unusual to have extreme right dominance

60
Q

Name four common sites of occlusion

A
  • Left anterior descending
  • Right coronary artery
  • circumflex branch
  • left coronary artery
61
Q

Where are CABG grafts taken from?

A

superficial vein from arms or legs

62
Q

What does the RCA supply?

A

SA and AV node

63
Q

What does the LAD & posterior inter ventricular artery supply?

A

inter ventricular septum & purkinje fibres

64
Q

How does a CABG work?

A

grafts are anastomosed proximally to the ascending aorta and distal to the narrowing on coronary artery

65
Q

What is the purpose of the azygous vein?

A

Carries blood from the intercostal spaces to the SVC found on the right of the trachea

66
Q

How is the lymph system drained?

A

The right lymphatic duct drains into the right venous angle & the thoracic duct drains into the left venous angle

67
Q

Name the structure that represents the start of the thoracic duct in the abdomen

A

Cisterna chyli

68
Q

What is significant about the left vagus nerve?

A

It splits into the left recurrent laryngeal nerve which loops round the arch of the aorta & back up to supply the larynx

69
Q

Name the ligament which is the remainder of the ductus arteriosus

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

70
Q

Where can the JVP be found?

A

Underneath the sternocleidomastoid

71
Q

Does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve enter the heart?

A

No, it hooks under the right subclavian artery

Cardiovascular (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions