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A-Level Product Design > ARO > Flashcards

ARO Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 main Paper Characteristics?

A

Whiteness, Opacity, Strength, Absorbency, Surface finish, Predicted Cost

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2
Q

What does Copier Paper have on it to give it its Colour?

A

Brightening Agents and in this case Bleech

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3
Q

What are the properties of Tracing paper?

A

It’s Translucent Opacity and White colour, it’s medium level strength with some fibres, it’s little absorbency and its medium level cost.

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4
Q

The better the properties of the type of paper the…

A

More expensive it is likely going to be

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5
Q

What are the properties of Water Coloured paper?

A

It’s Cream colour, it’s very opaque, it’s high strength with lots of fibres,

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6
Q

What are the properties of Copier paper?

A

It’s grey white colour, high Opaque, it weak strength with little fibres, it’s high absorbance and it’s low predicted cost

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7
Q

What is a natural Polymer?

A

Occurs in nature and can be extracted

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8
Q

Give an example of a natural Polymer?

A

Silk and wool

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9
Q

What is Paper made from?

A

Cellulose Fibres

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10
Q

What are fibres?

A

Little hairs

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11
Q

What is a source of Cellulose fibres?

A

Plants

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12
Q

Give an example of Cellulose fibres that comes from plants?

A

Hemp,Flux, Silk, Sugar Cane, Straw, Cotton, Bamboo, wood, elephant poo.

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13
Q

What is used in elephant poo to make paper?

A

Brightening Agents (Bleech)

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14
Q

What is a Deciduos wood?

A

A Hardwood

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15
Q

What is a Coniferous wood?

A

A Softwood

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16
Q

Give an example of 2 Coniferous woods?

A

Spruce and Pine

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17
Q

Give an example of 2 Deciduous woods?

A

Maple, Beech and Oak wood

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18
Q

List the Step by Step process of making paper?

A

1.) A tee is cut down
2.) The Trunk is fed into a Chipping machine where it is cut into very small pieces.
3.) The wood chips are boiled in water to form a thick wood pulp.
4.) Chemicals/Ingrediants such as Starch and bonding agents are added.
5.) The pulp is poured over a fine mesh and the water escapes, leaving the cellulose fibres behind.
6.) If even greater thickness is needed, this is achieved by gluing layers of card together, called laminating.
7.) This forms paper. Card and Carboard are thick because they are made up of several layers of pulp.

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19
Q

What’s is Paper made using?

A

Debarked/Chipped wood or Cellulose fibres and Ancetic Acid, Fillers, Brightening agents and Water.

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20
Q

What is Ancetic Acid or other chemicals used for?

A

To break down the Ligin that bonds Cellulose Fibres.

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21
Q

What is Fillers used for?

A

Added to improve quality with specific sections like physical and aesthetic properties.

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22
Q

Name a Filer that could be used when making paper?

A

Clay and Calcium Carbonate.

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23
Q

What are Brightening agents used for in paper ?

A

To enhance the paper and give off a whiter appearance.

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24
Q

What is required a lot of to produce paper?

A

Water.

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25
Q

What temperature is Wood free pulp heated up to produce Pulp?

A

140 degrees Celsius.

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26
Q

What can pulp be described as?

A

A Fibrous liquid.

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27
Q

What can be added to the wood free pulp to help with the desired appearance?

A

Dyes can be added.

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28
Q

When creating wood free pulp what happens to the water used?

A

Nearly all of it is filtered and released.

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29
Q

After cooking the pulp what is left.

A

The remaining login free fibres know as “wood free pulp”.

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30
Q

How much water is required to make 80gsm of photocopy paper?

A

500ml of water.

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31
Q

What does gsm stand for?

A

Grams per square meter.

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32
Q

The greater the whiteness the ?

A

Better the quality

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33
Q

The greater the Opacity the?

A

less you can see through it.

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34
Q

The worse the Opacity the?

A

Better you can see through it.

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35
Q

Strength in paper is determined by?

A

The lower amount of fillers = stronger than high number of filler which is weaker.

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36
Q

In paper Strength is effected by?

A

Fibre bonds, Fibre strenght, fibre length, quality of fibres.

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37
Q

The more absorbent a piece of paper is the?

A

Greater the cost.

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38
Q

The more laminate a piece of paper is the?

A

Less Absorbent it is.

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39
Q

Is ink absorbent?

A

Yes.

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40
Q

Name 4 finishes?

A

Matt, stain, gloss, smoothness.

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41
Q

What determines the cost of a piece of paper?

A

The Higher the Quality, Number of fillers, Stock form or unique size.

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42
Q

To create the perfect piece of paper what five ingredients can be tweaked?

A

Source of Cellulose fibres, the filers that smooth out the finish, the sizing Agents that increase the absorbency, the calendaring process, Additional finishes.

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43
Q

What does the sizing Agents do with a piece of paper?

A

Increase the absorbency.

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44
Q

What is the Calendaring process?

A

Different rollers > specific thickness/ surface finishes.

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45
Q

Name some additional finishes for paper?

A

Matt, stain, gloss, smoothness.

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46
Q

What does sizing reduce?

A

Absorbency.

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47
Q

What are Sizing Agents?

A

Chemicals added to the pulp or sprayed and rolled to the base paper.

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48
Q

What is internal sizing?

A

It is added to the pulp for paper and effects paper quality and ability to run smoothly through machines.

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49
Q

What does surface sizing do?

A

Improves strength, reduces absorbency and hence improve the printability.

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50
Q

What is the main difference between coated/ uncoated finishes?

A

Surface sizing.

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51
Q

List Coated paper characteristics?

A

Reduces ink absorption, brighter richer images with deeper blacks.

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52
Q

What are the two main coatings for coated paper?

A

Clay and Polyetheline.

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53
Q

What does Polyetheline increase?

A

Gloss and smoothness.

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54
Q

What does Clay increase?

A

Smoothness.

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55
Q

What type of paper is not treated with any sealant?

A

Uncoated Paper.

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56
Q

List some characteristics of Uncoated paper?

A

> Faster Absorption of water/ink, printing ink goes deeper into the paper rather than drying on the surface. Colours appear dull compared to Coated paper.

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57
Q

What paper can be given a wide range of finishes?

A

Treated Paper.

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58
Q

What are some finishes that can be given to Treated paper?

A

Edge of Napkins.

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59
Q

What is the range for Paper and Board finishes?

A

Wide Range.

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60
Q

What is a Matt finish?

A

Smooth, dull in appearance, good for high quality print job.

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61
Q

What is a Satin finish?

A

Lower reflective levels to gloss paper but more than Matte.

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62
Q

What is a Gloss finish?

A

Shiny, higher quality than coated paper.

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63
Q

What is a Textured finish?

A

Created with felt roller covered in woven wire.

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64
Q

What are some strength factors of base paper?

A

Length of Fibres, More fillers = less strength, length of cellulose fibres, quality of fibres, way that cellulose fibres bond together.

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65
Q

What is the Elmendorf tear test?

A

Used to continue a tear by calculating how much tear force is required to continue the tear. The sample starts of partially teared and put into position. A pendulum tears the sample and continues untill resting point.

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66
Q

What is the test commonly used for testing Tear resistance?

A

Elmendorf tear test.

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67
Q

What is Elmendorf commonly used for?

A

Paper and Boards.

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68
Q

What is the units used to measure the tear resistance in the Elmendorf tear test?

A

Scale is in Elmendorf Units.

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69
Q

A Die cutter can be used to ?

A

Cut, Score, Perforate, crease in paper within one action.

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70
Q

What is a Die Cutter?

A

A machine that applies pressure to cut out delicate shapes from paper, card, fabric, etc.

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71
Q

How precise is a Die Cutter?

A

It can cut identical Qualities quickly in large quantities.

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72
Q

How does a Die cutter work?

A

By skilled technicians using CAD drawing, the machine then uses laser cutting plywood packing plates to cut the material to the desired shape.

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73
Q

What is use to cut the material into the desired shape and size?

A

Metal rulers or blades (steel) are embedded into the desired shape (almost like a stencil) in the laser cut ply form.

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74
Q

What does Perforarions mean?

A

Allowing portions to be folded by small cuts in the paper or board.

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75
Q

What are some characteristic differences between Paper and Boards?

A

Thickness, Laminating, Strength, Stiffness and rigidity.

76
Q

List the following papers in order of strength from weakest to strongest?

Cartridge paper, Mountboard, Tracing paper, Tissue paper, Photocopy paper, Layout paper, Foil lined board, Bleed proof paper.

A

Weakest = Tissue Paper, Layout paper, Tracing paper, Bleed proof paper, Photocopy paper, Cartridge paper, Foil lined paper and Mountboard = Strongest.

77
Q

List the following papers in order of strength from weakest to strongest?

Cartridge paper, Mountboard, Tracing paper, Tissue paper, Photocopy paper, Layout paper, Foil lined board, Bleed proof paper.

A

Weakest = Tissue Paper, Layout paper, Tracing paper, Bleed proof paper, Photocopy paper, Cartridge paper, Foil lined paper and Mountboard = Strongest.

78
Q

What does GSM stand for?

A

Grams Per Square Metre.

79
Q

What two catagories are paper classified by?

A

Weight and size.

80
Q

If a piece of paper weighs more that 220gsm it is usually classified as what?

A

A board.

81
Q

When is paper too heavy and then classified as a board?

A

If its GSM is more than 220 gsm.

82
Q

What is board measured in?

A

Microns (,um).

83
Q

1000um of thickness is equal to what in mm?

A

1000um = 1mm of thickness.

84
Q

Paper sizes are set globally using what three series?

A

A Series, B series and C series.

85
Q

What company governs paper sizes internationally?

A

ISO 216.

86
Q

Where is A series commonly used?

A

Standard trimmed paper stock (eg A4, A2).

87
Q

Where is B series commonly used?

A

Alternative sizes often in industry.

88
Q

Where is B series commonly used?

A

Envelopes.

89
Q

Name two comertial untrimmed sizes?

A

RA series and SAR series.

90
Q

How much bigger is RA series to A series?

A

105% bigger.

91
Q

How much bigger is SAR series that A series?

A

115% bigger.

92
Q

Name the four types of Corrugated card?

A

Single faced board, Single wall board, Double wall board and Triple wall board.

93
Q

What is a property of single faced Corrugated board?

A

Its Flexible.

94
Q

What is a property of single, double and triple corrugated board?

A

Its directionally rigid and has good strength to weight ratio.

95
Q

What are the properties of Corrugated board?

A

Flexible in one direction, shock absorbent, lightweight, thermal insulator.

96
Q

What is corrugated card commonly used in?

A

Packaging Protection.

97
Q

What are some advantages of corrugated card?

A

Its cheep, Stong, lightweight, thermal insulator and can be printed/written on (for branding/advertising).

98
Q

What are some disadvantages of corrugated card?

A

Sustainability (can’t be recycled easily), not waterproof, Deforms and weakens after time and it doesn’t stack well.

99
Q

What is the thickness range of Single wall Corrugated board?

A

3,000 - 5,000um

100
Q

What is the thickness range of Double wall Corrugated board?

A

6,000 - 10,000um

101
Q

What is the thickness range of Triple wall Corrugated board?

A

12,000 - 15,000um

102
Q

Name a type of product that will likely be packaged in single wall corrugated board?

A

Small not fragile products.

103
Q

Name a type of product that will likely be packaged in double wall corrugated board?

A

Household items.

104
Q

Name a type of product that will likely be packaged in triple wall corrugated board?

A

Furniture.

105
Q

What is corrugated cardboard made from?

A

Layers of flat paper held together with an undulating fluted layer adheres. Air is held in the fluted layer providing insulation and cushioning for the products inside.

106
Q

What is the key information of Corrugated Card?

A

Flexible in one direction, shock absorbent, lightweight, thermal insulator.

107
Q

What is a common used of Corrugated Card?

A

Packaging Protection.

108
Q

What are 5 advantages of Corrugated Card?

A

Its cheep, Strong, Lightweight, Thermal insulator, Can be printed on.

109
Q

What are 4 disadvantages of Corrugated Card?

A

Sustainability, not waterproof, deforms and weakens over time, doesn’t stack well.

110
Q

Name 13 different Papers/boards?

A

Tracing paper, Layout paper, Cartridge paper, Photo paper, Watercolour paper, Mount Board, Tetra- Pak Deconstructed, Metal effect card, Bleed proof paper, Bleeched Card, Duplex board, Foil backed and laminated card, Moulded Paper Pulp.

111
Q

What is Bleeched card also commonly referred to as?

A

Solid white board.

112
Q

Name the key information of Tracing paper?

A

Semi transparent, grey, transparent (due to acid being used to treat it), resistant to greece.

113
Q

What is the GSM range of Tracing Paper?

A

40-120gsm.

114
Q

Name some uses of Tracing Paper?

A

Grease proof paper, tracing ideas, transferring one image to another.

115
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of Tracing Paper?

A

Semi transparent, resistance to greece, strong.

It’s expensive.

116
Q

Name the key information of Layout Paper?

A

Slightly transparent, greater opacity to tracing paper, off white colour, not as strong as tracing paper.

117
Q

Name the key information of Cartridge paper?

A

Creamy off white colour, takes various drawing media well, slightly textured finish.

118
Q

Name the 3 types of Photo Paper?

A

Inject Paper, Lazer Paper and Photographic Paper.

119
Q

Name the key information of Watercolour Paper?

A

Highly absorbent, water resistant, strong structural integrity, remain flat when dry, matte, lightly textured finish.

120
Q

Name the key information of Mount Board?

A

Strong, wide range of colours, white core,(shown when cut at 45 degree angle when used for framing.

121
Q

Name the key information of Tetra-Pak Deconstructed?

A

Made up of six layers:
74% Paperboard, 22% Polyethylene, 4% Aluminium foil.
Foil layer insulates and protects, contents remain sterile for a long time.

122
Q

Name the key information of Metal Effected Card?

A

Bright metallic effect can be added to the surface of card by bonding a metallic foil layer. Additional of embossing to give its textured finish. Matte/shiny gloss tones can be blended to create dramatic patterns.

123
Q

Name the key information of Bleed Proof Paper?

A

Highly sized with high opacity giving deeper colours.

124
Q

Name the key information of Bleeched Card?

A

Highly brightened and treated on both sides.

125
Q

Name the key information of Duplex Board?

A

Can be coated to increase water/oil resistance. Top layer is normally white however it is available in a wide range of colours.

126
Q

Name the key information of Foil backed and laminated card?

A

Foil lining = protects contents from light, air, odour, bacteria.

Polyethylene is used as an adhesive between the foil and card layers/outercoating.

127
Q

Name the key information of Moulded Paper Pulp?

A

Used to create specific forms for protective packaging.

128
Q

What is the GSM range of Layout Paper?

A

40- 120gsm.

129
Q

What is the GSM range of Cartridge Paper?

A

Around 50gsm.

130
Q

What is the GSM range of Bleed Proof Paper?

A

Normally 70GSM.

131
Q

What is the GSM range of Bleeched Card?

A

200- 500GSM.

132
Q

What is the GSM range of Duplex Board?

A

200- 500GSM.

133
Q

Name some uses of Layout Paper?

A

Tracing ideas, laying out plans, often used in a sketch pad or large sheet format.

134
Q

Name some uses of Cartridge Paper?

A

Sketching in Art and DT for use with pens, pencils, pastels,crayons, inks and some paints.

135
Q

Name some uses of Photo Paper?

A

Photographs.

136
Q

Name some uses of Watercolour Paper?

A

Graphite drawing, With watercolour paints, pen and ink applications, Art Projects.

137
Q

Name some uses of Mount Board?

A

Mounting photos and pictures before framing.

138
Q

Name some uses of Tetra-Pak Deconstructed?

A

Storage of liquid foods, beverages.

139
Q

Name some uses of Metal Effect Card?

A

Presents/gift boxes, cakes boards and other food grade products, business cards.

140
Q

Name some uses of Bleed Proof Paper?

A

Hand drawn marker renderings and high quality presentations.

141
Q

Name some uses of Bleeched Card?

A

High end packaging, greeting cards.

142
Q

Name some uses of Duplex Board?

A

Packaging(Eg Milk/Juice cartons, disposable cups), suitable for printing.

143
Q

Name some uses of Foil Backed and Laminated Card?

A

Food safe liner, take away boxes, lids, milk cartons.

144
Q

Name some uses of Moulded Paper Pulp?

A

Egg boxes.

145
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of Layout Paper?

A

Takes pencil well, not as strong as tracing paper, lightweight, cheep, smooth surface finish.

146
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of Cartridge Paper?

A

Textured finish, prevents ink from smudging or bleeding, durable, opaque.

147
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of Photo Paper?

A

Cheep, Physically printable at home, lower quality, cost more with ink.

148
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of Watercolour Paper?

A

Strong structural integrity, water resistant, highly absorbent, remains flat when flat when dry when dry, lightweight textured finish, opaque.

149
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of Mount Board?

A

Strong structural integrity, wide range of colours.

150
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of Tetra-Pak Deconstructed?

A

Specialist recycling is required, negative impact on environment, higher production cost, lightweight, easy to transport.

151
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of Metal Effect Card?

A

Textured finish, dramatic patterns can be achieved (by use of Matt/Shiny gloss tones), Fairly durable.

152
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of Bleed Proof Paper?

A

Doesn’t allow ink/solvent based marker pens to bleed through, expensive, high quality presentations.

153
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of Bleached Card?

A

Holds print very well, luxurious feel to the surface, easy to cut, stiff, lightweight.

154
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of Duplex Board?

A

Folds,cuts and prints well, water/oil resistant, available in a wide range of colours.

155
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of Foil Backed and Laminated Card?

A

Protected from light,air, odour and bacteria, difficult to recycle.

156
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of Moulded Paper Pulp?

A

Economical, limited printability.

157
Q

What does Highly Sized mean?

A

High Absorbency.

158
Q

What is the key information of Inject Paper?

A

Non-Porous treated surface so images stay sharp.

159
Q

What is the key information of Lazer Paper?

A

Surface coating designed to permit the plastic particles in toner to melt and bond onto the surface of the paper.

160
Q

What is the key information of Photographic Paper?

A

Has a photosensitive coating, reacts to light, the image develops over a short time.

161
Q

What are Tetra-Pak containers made from?

A

100% plant based, renewable materials. Made using Bio-polymers, processed by Sugarcane instead of plastic.

162
Q

Who is Tetra-Pack certified by?

A

The Forest Stewardship council (FSC).

163
Q

What does Biodegrading mean?

A

Needs to be broken down by living organisms.

164
Q

Name a living organism?

A

Bacteria.

165
Q

What materials will resist biodegrading?

A

Many Laminated/coated paper and board.

166
Q

What does recycling mean?

A

Must have the capacity to be turned into another useful product.

167
Q

If paper of board is bonded to another material is it easy to recycle?

A

Its very difficult/impossible to recycle.

168
Q

If a product can’t be recycled where is it taken?

A

To landfill or burnt for energy recapture.

169
Q

What country lead the way on recycling?

A

European countries.

170
Q

What happens to untreated paper whipen its recycled?

A

Tree Plantation, Debarking, Wood chipper, pulp, paper making machine, Newsprint, Recycle newspaper, re pulp and De-inked, Cleaning and screening recycled pulp, Paper making machine ->.

171
Q

What percentage of our products do we recycle?

A

71%.

172
Q

Plastics and other materials, paper have what?

A

Recycle codes.

173
Q

What is PAP 20 used for?

A

Cardboard (eg Corrugated card).

174
Q

What is PAP 21 used for?

A

Other Cardboard (eg mixed paper, magazines, mail).

175
Q

What is PAP 22 used for?

A

Paper (eg other paper).

176
Q

What is PPB 23 used for?

A

Paperboard (eg greeting cards, book covers, frozen food boxes).

177
Q

What are the advantages of recycled paper?

A

> Less negative impact on environment -> smaller carbon footprint.

> Less to landfills -> fewer greenhouse gasses improving green credentials for companies.

> less water needed.

> 40-70% less energy to make recycled paper than it does making from trees.

> Produces less air pollution.

178
Q

What are the disadvantages of recycled paper?

A

Not as strong because less fibres - therefore limited range use.
Chemicals such as bleech are still used to whitten recycled pulp.

179
Q

What does FSC stand for?

A

Forest Stewardship Council.

180
Q

What does PEFC stand for?

A

Programme for the endorcement of Forest Certification.

181
Q

1 tonne recycled paper saves ___ trees and ___ cubic metres of landfill space?

A

Saves 20-30 trees and 3 cubic metres of landfill space.

182
Q

1 tone recycled paper saves ___ killowatts of energy and ___ litres of water being consumed.

A

Saves 4,000 killowatts of engery and 15,000-32,000 litres of water being consumed.

183
Q

How many trees are cut down each year just for paper and board products?

A

4 billion trees are cut down each year.

184
Q

Newspaper can be recycled how many times before the fibres are too short to bind together?

A

6 times.

185
Q

What is the last product that can be made with recycled paper?

A

Tissue paper.

186
Q
A

A-Level Product Design (5 decks)

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