Argument and Fallacies Flashcards
What is argument?
A process of reasoned injury and rational discourse seeking common ground
What is claim?
A assertion that puts forward a proposition that states the arguments main idea or position
Types of claims
Claim of fact
Claim of values
Claim of policy
What is claim of fact?
Assert that something is true or not true
What is claim of values?
Argues that something is wrong or right
What is claim of policy?
Proposes a change
What is evidence?
supports the proposition
What is personal experience?
Using your own lived experiences as a way to support a claim or argument
What is anecdotes?
Stories about others you’ve observed
been told about or researched to support your claim or argument
What is current events?
Staying informed about local national and global matters to store information that could be used as evidence later
What is historical information?
Verifiable facts that a writer knows from researching
What is expert opinion
a judgment or belief about a subject, given by someone who is an expert in that field
What is quantitation evidence?
Things that can be measured, cited, or counted in numbers
What is Red hearing?
Using evidence that is irrelevant to the claim and switching the topic/discussion
What is Ad Hominem
directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining
What is faulty analogies?
Irrelevant or inconsequential similarities between two things
What is strawman?
When a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example to refute an opponent’s viewpoint
What is either-or?
when someone presents a situation as having only two options
What is a hasty generalization?
Not enough evidence to support conclusion and make a quick viewpoint/decision on the topic
What is a circular reasoning?
repeating claim as a way to prove a claim
What is post hoc/faulty causality?
mistaking the sequence of events for a causal relationship without sufficient evidence to support that claim
What is an appeal to false authority?
When someone has no expertise to speak on an issue
What is a bandwagon appeal?
when evidence boils down to everyone is doing it so it must be good
Give an example of claim of fact
The unemployment rate in the United States is currently at 5%
Give an example of claim of values
Classical music is the most beautiful form of art.
Give an example of claim of policy
All schools should require students to wear uniforms.
