Areas of Practice Flashcards
Comprehensive Planning
All states either allow or require local governments to prepare comp plans.
1. Identify stakeholders
2. Define goals
3. Gather information and analysis
4. Develop alternatives
5. Select an alternative
Implementation then involves setting a budget and establishing action steps.
Requires evaluation and amendment at regular intervals
Tribal Planning
Engages tribal government leaders, residents and businesses in preparing plans and administering planning processes in support of the tribal community.
Corridor Transportation Planning
Typically occurs at the regional level. Long range transportation needs. Most are conducted by a Metropolitan Planning Organization
National Corridor Planning
Latest effort by the US Dept of Transportation is called “Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) “efficient movement of people and goods
Greenbelts
undeveloped natural land areas that have been set aside for the purposes of open space and recreation
US Geological survey uses this scale
1 : 24,000
Subdivision
Division of land into two or more parcels, sites or lots
Plat
Map of a tract or parcel of land
Replat
Allows for lots to be subdivided further or added back together
Amending plat
corrects errors or adds additional information to a plat
Vacating plot
Allows for a plat to be terminated prior to the selling of any lots
Preliminary plat
To scale mechanical drawing
Final plat
approved preliminary plat
Performance bonds
Agreement between the property owner and the community to ensure that the final plat is built as shown on the drawings within a certain time period. If the developer fails the gov may use the bond to cover the cost of improvements
Dedications
gifts of land for public purposes such as roads, parks and utilities
Impact Fees
Typically charged for off-site infrastructure needed to provide service to a development such as water or a sewer main
Development Agreement
Voluntary contract between local jurisdiction and property owner detailing the obligations of both parties and specifying the standards and conditions that will govern development of the property.
Smart Growth
planning for greater sustainability
Trip generation
number of trips that a particular site is likely to generate
Origin destination survey
used to determine trip generation by setting up roadblocks along major routes
Trip end
refers to the origin or destination point of a journey
Trip distribution
examines where people are going
Gravity Model
used to provide trip estimates based on the proportional attractiveness of the zone and the trip length
Modal split
deals with how people get to where they want to go and the form of transportation that they use
Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT)
amount of traffic on a roadway in a 24 hour period, averaged over a year
Peak Hour Volume
Hourly traffic during the peak period
Seasonal hour volume
peak hour volume during different seasons
Design hour volume (DHV)
Capacity of the roadway to handle traffic
Traffic assignment
Uses network models to predict the distribution of traffic for each roadway but the hour
Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)
A measure of vehicular mobility obtained from travel inventories, including topography, population density, travel distances between home other daily destinations
Highway Capacity Manual
Published by the Transportation Research Board, provides guidelines for computing highway capacity and quality of service based on road type
Levels of Service (LOS)
Range from A to F
A: free flowing traffic
B: reasonably free flow, speeds maintained, slightly restricted
C: Stable Flow, ability to maneuver is restricted
D: Approaching unstable flow, speeds slightly decrease
E: Unstable flow, operating at capacity
F: Heavy congestion, severely reduced traffic speeds
Federal-Aid Highway Act
1944 - designating 65,000 km of interstates
Public Roads Administration (PRA)
responsible for implementing the highway system
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962
created the federal mandate for urban transportation planning in the United States
Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (FAST)
2015 - allows city planners to set their own street design standards for local federally funded projects
Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs)
created to meet federal requirements for urban transportation planning
Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)
Prepared by the MPOs, lists all projects for which federal funds are anticipated, it is required by law
Transportation Demand Management (TDM)
term used to describe strategies for the efficient use of transportation
Commute trip reduction (CTR)
provides commuters with resources and incentives to reduce their vehicle trips, particularly during peak commute hours
Adequate public facilities ordinance (APFO)
allows local governments to deny or delay new developments if the existing gov services (water/sewer/roads/schools/fire/police) cannot support it
Concurrency
practice of requiring that infrastructure to be in place and available at a specified level of service prior to allowing new development to occur
Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act
Authority of a federal government, FEMA, to respond to a disaster
Effluent Standards
Set restrictions on the discharge of pollutants into the environment
Point Source Pollution
discharged directly from a specific site
example: sewage treatment plant or an industrial pipe
Clean Water Act
Passed in 1972 with major amendment in 1977
Requires anyone wanting to discharge pollutants into a body of water to obtain a permit. Also regulates the amount of water that be discharged and the types of pollutants that can be released
Point Source Discharge Permit
Needed to discharge pollutants into the water
Clean Air Act
1970, 1977, and 1990
Cuts off federal funding for metro areas not in attainment.
In non-attainment areas new pollution sources are allowed only if there is there is a reduction in pollutions greater than the pollutants contributed by the source
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)
relates to air quality and requires that a project will not increase emissions above a specified PSD increment
Ambient Air Quality Standards
sets the max air contaminant concentrations allowed in the ambient air.
Ambient Air Quality Standards
sets the max air contaminant concentrations allowed in the ambient air.
Fiscal Impact Analysis
aka cost-revenue analysis
used to estimate the costs and revenues of a proposed development on a local government.
Average per capita method
Simplest method of fiscal impact analysis/least reliable
Divides the total local budget by the existing population to determine the average per capita cost for the jurisdiction
Adjusted per capita method
Uses the average per capita method for fiscal impact analysis but adjusts based on expectations about the new development
Disaggregated per capita method
Fiscal impact analysis - estimates the costs and revenues based on major land uses
Dynamic method
applies statistical analysis to time-series data from a jurisdiction.
Example: how much sales tax revenue is generated per capita from a grocery store and applies this to the new development
Economic development multiplier effect
describes how certain types of jobs will drive demand for even more jobs
Enterprise zones (EZs)
geographic areas in which companies can qualify for a variety of subsidies
Biophilic Design
concerns the need to create habitat for people as biological organisms. Experience of nature
Tenement House Act of 1867
first major housing code in the United States
Dumbbell tenement
housing type with open air shafts
Tenement House Law of 1901
NY state passed which outlawed dumbbell tenements
Public Works Administration (PWA)
1934 - created during the Great Depression
Provided 85% of the cost of public housing projects
National Housing Act 1934
Established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages
Resettlement Administration 1935
Used New Deal funds to develop new towns throughout the United States
1937 US Housing Act
Provided $500 mil in home loans for development of low-cost housing
Servicement’s Readjusment Act
GI Bill guaranteed home loans to veterans
Housing Act of 1949
first comprehensive housing legislation passed in the US
Called for the construction of 800,000 new housing units and emphasized slum clearance
Housing Act of 1954
called for slum prevention and urban renewal
also provided funding for planning for cities under 25,000 population
Housing Act of 1959
made federal matching funds available for comprehensive planning
Housing Act of 1961
provided interest subsidies for the construction of public housing projects for low and moderate income families to rent
Fair Housing Act (FHA
1968: expanded upon previous acts to prohibit discrimination
Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968
Provided the construction of six million subsidized housing units
HOPE VI
1992- program provided funds for the redevelopment of severely distressed public housing
Colonias
unincorporated subdivisions with little or no infrastructure sold to low-income individuals
Agricultural Land Trust
identifies agricultural lands that should be preserved and works with owners to participate in the trust via a conservation easement, an agreement between a landowner and a land trust regarding the future uses of a private property
