Arabs. Flashcards
Egyptian slave to Sarah, wife of Abraham.
Hagar.
Born to an Egyptian Arab and promised by God To rule over a group of people.
Ishmael
Therefore, it is seen by many Arabs. That they’re direct descendants of Abraham and therefore are favored by god.
This word used by Romans to describe their Arab confederacies
Saracen
Possibly the first Arab Jewish kingdom. Conquered by the Ethiopian Christian Army aided by the Romans Who feared the Jewish Arab kingdom would ally themselves with the savage Mundhir, leader of Hira.
Himyarite monarchy.
Located in Yemen.
played a crucial role as a buffer state and ally to the Byzantines in the 3rd-7th centuries AD.
- an Arab Christian tribal confederation that originated in Yemen and migrated to the Levant region in the 3rd century AD
The Ghassanids
established a kingdom in the area of modern-day northern Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, and Palestine
participated in Byzantine-Sasanian Wars, fighting against the Sasanian-allied Lakhmids
- They helped secure vital trade routes for the Byzantine Empire
The Ghassanids
position held by the Oriental Orthodox churches, emphasizing Christ’s unified nature as both fully divine and human, in contrast to Chalcedonian dyophysitism. This theological difference led to a major schism in Christianity
- ## churches include the Coptic, Syrian, Armenian and Ethiopian Orthodox churches
Miaphysite Christianity
What is the importance of The Sana’a Palimpsest？
It is one of the oldest known Qur’anic manuscripts, dating to the late 7th or early 8th century CE, very close to the time of Muhammad.
Its existence and variations challenge the traditional Islamic view of a completely fixed and invariant Qur’anic text from the beginning.
Where was The Sana’a Palimpsest Discovered？
The Sana’a manuscripts were discovered in 1972 during renovations of the Great Mosque of Sana’a.
Yemen.
occurred in 622 CE, when Prophet Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Medina.
The Hijra
This event marks year 1 in the Islamic (Hijri) calendar.
***The Hijra **occurred in 622 CE, when Prophet Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Medina.
In the Gregorian calendar, this period roughly corresponds to 622 CE to 719 CE
The First century of Hijra
in Islam signifies a chapter of the Quran
surah
- The Quran contains 114 surahs in total
- They are recited during prayers, memorized, and studied for guidance and inspiration
- Except for one, all surahs begin with the phrase “In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful” (Bismillahir Rahmanir Raheem).
large confederation of Arab tribes employed by the Romans.
- existed from around the 8th century BCE to the 5th century CE.
The Thamud
Thamud served as auxiliaries in Byzantine armies
considered one of the earliest Arab civilizations, with some sources claiming they established the first kingdom on the Arabian peninsula
The Thamud
They are mentioned in Islamic tradition, including the Quran, as an example of a people who rejected divine guidance.
