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FINAL - SOC224 > AR's > Flashcards

AR's Flashcards

1
Q

According to Becker, what was the most common explanation for why people used marijuana?

A

Due to a psychological trait that predisposes or motivates one to engage in marijuana use

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2
Q

Describe the psychological trait that Becker believed predisposed people to engaging in marijuana use.

A

A trait that has a need for fantasy + escape from psychological problems

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3
Q

Becker suggests marijuana is an interesting case for deviance theroies because the deviant behaviour produces __________________________.

A

Deviant motives (which is opposite of what usually occurs)

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4
Q

According to Becker, as marijuana use increases, an individual’s conception of marijuana ___________.

A

develops

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5
Q

What approach does Becker take in his field work on marijuana?

A

Symbolic Interactionist approach

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6
Q

the New York City Mayors Committee on Marijuana determined marijuana was not addictive because one can remain an _____________ user.

A

infrequent

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7
Q

T/F : New York City Mayors Committee on Marijuana believed there was no craving or withdrawal symptoms for the drug so therefore it was not addictive.

A

T

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8
Q

According to Becker, the psychological trait theory for marijuana does not account for the group of users, turning up at each study, that _______________________________________.

A

Are not predisposed with this trait

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9
Q

The variability of a marijuana user’s ____________ toward the drug is one problem for Becker’s psychological theories.

A

behaviour

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10
Q

What is the “marijuana technique” as described by Becker?

A

Must use proper smoking technique of not getting too much air + not enough smoke

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11
Q

What 2 things according to Becker are required to be “high?”

A
  1. Symptoms caused by marijuana use
  2. Recognition of these symptoms + their connection to the drug
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12
Q

T/F: One feels they have so much more time when high on marijuana.

A

T

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13
Q

According to Becker, marijuana use ceases when one is unable to _______________________________________.

A

perceive the drug’s effects any longer

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14
Q

What are 2 situations in which a marijuana user may not be able to perceive the drug’s effects?

A
  1. Mixing it with other substances
  2. When marijuana use occurs so often, the distinction of being high and normal is missing
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15
Q

Physical harm is done to __________ or to ___________.

A

others; oneself

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16
Q

Which 2 types of ‘harm’ are done to others or oneself?

A

Emotional; Physical

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17
Q

Drunk driving is an example of which type of ‘harm?”

A

Physical

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18
Q

Bullying is an example of what type of ‘harm?”

A

Emotional

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19
Q

Negative self-talk is an example of what type of ‘harm?’

A

Emotional

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20
Q

Social harm are behaviours that ______________________________________________.

A

interfere with the smooth running of society

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21
Q

What is an example of social harm?

A
  • Obesity
  • Criminal activity
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22
Q

Threatening the ways we understand the world + our place in it describes which type of ‘harm?’

A

Ontological Harm

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23
Q

What is a limitation of using ‘harm’ to define deviance?

A

Perceptions of harm change overtime

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24
Q

What is a limitation to using societal reactions to define deviance?

A

We focus on the negative reactions of society rather than the factors that contribute to the reaction

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25
Q

What are 2 limitations to using statistical rarity to define deviance? (Hint: they are opposites of one another)

A
  • Some behaviours are statistically uncommon, yet they are accepted (ex. heroic acts)
  • Some behaviours are statistically common, but are unacceptable in larger society (ex. underage drinking)
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26
Q

The limitation to using normative violations to define deviance is that they are culturally ____________.

A

specific

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27
Q

Folkways are considered _______, while mores are considered _____________.

A

odd; immoral

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28
Q

What describes an informal norm in society, such as choice of clothing?

A

Folkways

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29
Q

What describes the foundation of morality in a culture?

A

Mores

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30
Q

Some norms have a higher level of _________ which makes defining deviance by normative violations limited.

A

consensus

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31
Q

What is the most micro-level in the social construction of deviance?

A

Individual level

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32
Q

What is the most macro-level in the social construction of deviance?

A

Globalization level

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33
Q

There are ____________ processes involved in the social construction of deviance.

A

multilevel

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34
Q

“Our interactions with other people influence the way we think + feel about others” describes which level in the social construction of deviance?

A

Interactional Level

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35
Q

Which level involves learning about the dangers of smoking in an educational setting?

A

Institutional Level

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36
Q

The ____________ level in the social construction of deviance involves the influence of beliefs, ideologies, values, and systems of meaning.

A

Sociocultural Level

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37
Q

How many levels are there in the social construction of deviance.

A

5

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38
Q

“Our own conceptions of the self + the way we understand our own existence in the world” is apart of which level in the social construction of deviance?

A

Individual Level

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39
Q

“Interconnectedness” relates most to which level in the social construction of deviance?

A

Globalization Level

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40
Q

What is the Deviance Dance?

A

Interactions, negotiations, and debates among group with different perceptions of whether a behaviour is deviant + needs to be socially controlled + if so, how.

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41
Q

What is an example of Retroactive, formal control?

A

Civil laws that make it illegal to purchase cigarettes under the age of 18

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42
Q

What is an example of Preventative, informal control?

A

Older individuals explaining the dangers of smoking to you

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43
Q

Joining a self-help group to quit smoking describes which form of social control?

A

Retroactive, self-control

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44
Q

Teleological is related to _________.

A

goals

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45
Q

Tautological means it is ____________.

A

Circular

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46
Q

Functionalist ideology is critiqued on the fact that it ignores the ___________+ __________ circumstances from which aspects of social life emerged.

A

social + historical

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47
Q

Functionalist ideologies are known to have a ___________________ bias.

A

Conservative

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48
Q

Social learning theories are sometimes criticized for what they HAVEN’T ________________.

A

Explored

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49
Q

A criticism of the Neutralization theory is that theory states that neutralization is used ________ to an act, yet the research has focused on what happens _______ the act.

A

Prior; After

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50
Q

A limitation of control theories is that they are ____________.

A

Tautological

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51
Q

Which theory has the limitations in that research fails to address the social structures + its role in the processes surrounding deviance + normality?

A

Interpretive Theories

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52
Q

Critical theories are limited because they have inconsistent _________ support.

A

Empirical

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53
Q

Critical theories fail to recognize the consensus that _________________________________________.

A

does exist in society regarding many laws + rules

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54
Q

What does the news emphasize in reference to opioid-related deaths in white people? (Hint: in regards to the user + the manufacturer)

A
  • White, “middle-class youth” who are experimenting with drugs
  • The youth are innocent while the drug manufactures are demonized
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55
Q

What does the news emphasize in reference to opioid-related deaths in Indigenous people?

A

That it is chronic community-based issue

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56
Q

Most opioid-related ODs are adults aged ___________.

A

30-54

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57
Q

Which group of people are overrepresented when portrayed opioid-related ODs in the media?

A

Indigenous

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58
Q

Due to ____________ in media ownership, we have access to a narrower range of ideas that ever before.

A

Concentration

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59
Q

What describes deviance acts committed using computer technology?

A

Cyberdeviance

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60
Q

What would a social learning theoriest suggest about cyberpiracy?

A

More likely to engage in it if you have friends who do

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61
Q

What would a self-control theorist suggest about cyberpiracy?

A

Those with less self-control are more likely to engage in piracy

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62
Q

When is sexual consent not possible? (Hint: 2)

A
  • Between a child + an adult
  • Using the date rape drug
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63
Q

Deviant and normal sexuality is depicted upon 3 factors. What are they?

A
  1. Consent
  2. Nature of the sexual act
  3. Nature of the sexual partner
64
Q

How does “failing to matter” affect youth criminality?

A
  • Youth who feel they do not matter to their parents, community, or society are more likely to be criminally active
65
Q

Youth who feel they do not matter use _____________ ____________ to reconstruct themselves as important.

A

Criminal activity

66
Q

The media frames girls’ violence by portraying them as ___________ villains.

A

Sinister

67
Q

The media frames girls’ violence by portrayed it through a ______________ lens.

A

Sympathetic

68
Q

What violence is portrayed in the media as being motivated by extreme jealousy or sexual rivalry?

A

Girls’ violence

69
Q

The growing efforts to help “problem” drinkers on campus have not reduced the extent of harm that results from alcohol consumption, describes what term?

A

Prevention Paradox

70
Q

In regards to University alcohol consumptions, which group of people are most of the harms caused by?

A

Low-to-moderate risk drinkers (or those engaging in occasional binge drinking)

71
Q

Research in the mid 20th centrury states that the most important interests of high school boys was ________________________________, while high school girls wanted to _______________.

A

being a star athlete; be popular

72
Q

What was the South Bronx like before WWII?

A

Tranquil; large estates; modern amenities; grand buildings w/ courtyards; known for their parks

73
Q

Why did the South Bronx go through a torrential downhill slide post WWII?

A

Demise of NYC’s manufacturing economy that resulted in the loss of hundreds of thousands of jobs

74
Q

Who were blamed for the demise of the South Bronx?

A

Puerto Ricans + Blacks

75
Q

Who were the ‘los tecatos?’

A

Those who roamed the streets at night chasing heroin

76
Q

Who were the ‘las gangas?’

A

Youth who claimed to do the good that police wouldn’t do

77
Q

Who caused the Fuego (fire) period in the South Bronx in the 1970s?

A

Slumlords

78
Q

What 2 reasons did cocaine return in the 1960s?

A
  1. US government cut legal production of amphetamines + sedatives
  2. US-supported Pan American Hwy provided a means of transporting cocaine
79
Q

What led to crack-cocaine becoming the worst drug epidemic in American History?

A

Ronald Reagan dramatically reducing funds for federal drug treatment and instead funding law enforcement, drug task forces, etc.

80
Q

What capitalist ideology does the author, Katz, cite as fuelling the crack trade in the US urban areas in the 1980s?

A

The “tough luck” ideology

81
Q

Describe the Hydraulic relationship that Penrose (1939) proposed existed between the mental health care system and CJS during.

A

“When one contracts, the other expands”

82
Q

What was the conclusion of Rosenhan’s study on ‘pseudo-patients’ with mental illness?

A

Salient characteristics in the diagnosis of a mental disorder lie more within the social context vs the individual

83
Q

The purpose of the “Mixed Nutters” and “Looney tuners” study was to explore the effects of deinstitutionalization from the perspective of ________________________________________.

A

Chronic discharged psychiatric patients

84
Q

In the “Mixed Nutters” and “Looney tuners” study, the non-chronic returned to a life of ____________, while the chronic had ________________ attempt at returning to life of normality.

A

Normality; little-to-no

85
Q

The chronics in the “Mixed Nutters” and “Looney tuners” study _______________ the role of the mental patient.

A

Internalized

86
Q

Who were the social ties of the chronics in the “Mixed Nutters” and “Looney tuners” study?

A

1-2 ex patients

87
Q

In the “Mixed Nutters” and “Looney tuners” study, the non-chronics employed __________ responses while the chronic adapted _____________ responses.

A

Offensive; Defensive

88
Q

Which patient subculture was working + middle class in the “Mixed Nutters” and “Looney tuners” study?

A

Looney tuners

89
Q

Which patient subculture in the “Mixed Nutters” and “Looney tuners” study had a lower education level?

A

Mixed Nutters

90
Q

Which 3 major activities in which the Mixed Nutters and Looney Tuners participated in?

A
  1. Hanging around
  2. Shrink sessions
  3. Schooling
91
Q

What were the 2 subculture norms related to the behavioral pattern of “Hanging around?”

A
  • Sharing tobacco
  • Contributing money to group
92
Q

According to the “Mixed Nutters” and “Looney tuners” study, when is it okay to sell meds?

A

When selling to adults + only if it is absolutely necessary

93
Q

What is considered “acceptable merchandise” to shoplift, according to the “Mixed Nutters” and “Looney tuners” study?

A

Food

94
Q

In the “Mixed Nutters” and “Looney tuners” study, what does “Argot” refer to?

A

Distinctive vocabulary that allows one to decipher an outsider from an insider and a neophyte from a vetern

95
Q

Whose boundaries are bigger, Looney Tuners or Mixed Nutters?

A

Mixed Nutters

96
Q

Desinstitutionalization is defined by ex-patients as social ________________.

A

Segregation

97
Q

Among youth today, there has been a rapid __________ in tobacco cigarette use and a rapid _________ in e-cigarette use.

A

Decline; Increase

98
Q

What was initially considered a “safer” alternative to cigarette smoking?

A

E-cigarettes

99
Q

What is a “cloud chaser” e-cigarette user?

A
  • When it functions as a hobby
  • Learn tricks while exhaling the smoke
100
Q

Fewer than ___% of youth smoke cigarettes today compared to ___% in the 1970s.

A

1%; 20%

101
Q

More than ___% of high-school students vape.

A

25

102
Q

What percent of University students are binge drinkers?

A

35-40%

103
Q

The proportion of abstainers in University has ____________.

A

Increased

104
Q

The proportion of more frequent, high-risk binge drinking in University students has _____________.

A

Increased

105
Q

Binge-drinking is most common among what members of University students?

A

On-campus groups (athletic teams, frats, etc.)

106
Q

What are the 3 central concepts used to study drug use when using the life course approach?

A
  1. Transitions
  2. Turning Points
  3. Social Capital
107
Q

According to the life course approach to drug use, ___________ transitions in social roles + identity can provoke _________________ in behaviour.

A

Broader; Turning points

108
Q

Methamphetamine use becomes closely entangled with what 2 things?

A
  • Sex
  • Sexual identity
109
Q

The process of quitting methamphetamine is different than other substances because there is a significant incidence of _____________________________.

A

Relapse post-treatment

110
Q

Activities such as _______ and ______________ are relapse triggers for meth.

A

Sex + dancing

111
Q

What makes sex of any kind a trigger for potential relapse of meth?

A

When frequent sex with multiple partners was aided by drug use

112
Q

What is the MOST prevalent relapse trigger for methamphetamines?

A

Reconnecting with drug-using social contacts

113
Q

A common cessation trigger for meth was having an ______________ or sudden realization.

A

Epiphany

114
Q

Methamphetamine cessation triggers are often ______________ and ____________ factors.

A

Sudden; unknown

115
Q

What was instrumental for mother’s in their recovery of methamphetamine use?

A

The support of family members

116
Q

For individuals who used meth to combat long hours in difficult jobs, the turning point in their drug use often occured when they became _____________________ or had access to ___________.

A

Incarcerated; money

117
Q

What has a major impact on stimuli that may inspire cessation or relapse triggers?

A

Social contexts

118
Q

What is seen as acting equally as a motivator for methamphetamine recovery or a rationalization to return to drug use?

A

Taking personal responsibility

119
Q

___________ identities labelled individuals in the present, and temporarily placed them on an expected trajectory towards sobriety.

A

Addict

120
Q

One prescription offered for the development of effective interventions for methamphetamine users is to focus on ___________ ________________ strategies.

A

Harm reduction

121
Q

One prescription offered for the development of effective interventions for methamphetamine users is to understand how one’s _______________ may trigger / inhibit turning points of drug use.

A

Environments

122
Q

________ __________ refers to the ways that each of us adapts, changes, or controls characteristics of our bodies.

A

Body Projects

123
Q

Describe “camouflaging projects.”

A

The everyday ways we control the appearance of our bodies + adhere to cultural norms

124
Q

Attempts to overcome one’s physical limitations relates to _____________ body projects.

A

Extending

125
Q

What type of body project would body building be considered?

A

Adapting project

126
Q

Cosmetic surgery or getting a tattoo resembles _____________ projects.

A

Redesigning

127
Q

Putting in contact lenses would have use engaging in ____________ projects.

A

Extending

128
Q

What type of body project creates permanent changes in the body through invasive measuers?

A

Redesigning projects

129
Q

Getting your children’s names tattooed is an example of ______________ femininity.

A

Established

130
Q

What type of femininity perceives too many tattoos as unattractive?

A

Established femininity

131
Q

What type of femininity opposes dominant gender ideals?

A

Resistant femininity

132
Q

If a woman has a tattoo of a dagger, they are engaging in ____________ femininity?

A

Resistant

133
Q

One study showed that men are more likely to think a woman with tattoos is more likely to ________________________________.

A

Have sex on the first date

134
Q

One study showed that jurors are more likely to render a guilty verdict to sexual assault when a woman has a _________________________.

A

Feminine tattoo vs a masculine one

135
Q

Even when comments express admiration or envy of one’s body, individuals who are labelled “too-thin” feel ________________.

A

Uncomfortable

136
Q

Prior to the late 19th century, being of a greater body weight was seen as being ____________ + _____________.

A

Healthy + Wealthy

137
Q

A moral / deviance model condemns being fat as ________.

A

Bad

138
Q

Which model medicalized fat + positions medicine as the ultimate solution?

A

Illness model

139
Q

The _________________ / _____________ model rejects medical claims of illness + focuses on the rights of fat people.

A

De-medicalized / Political

140
Q

The rise of organizational activity to fight obesity is acting within which model of ‘fatness?’

A

Illness model

141
Q

The French have an ____________ / health approach to weight, while Americans have a ___________ / health approach to weight.

A

Aesthetic ; Moralistic

142
Q

What is a similarity between the French and American culture in regards to weight?

A

Both have internalized that fatness is bad for one’s health

143
Q

___________ + cultural dominance are forces that shape national beliefs about _____________.

A

Financial; obesity

144
Q

Why would Canadian attitudes differ from American and French attitudes regarding weight?

A

Canada is neither financially or culturally dominant

145
Q

Mother’s are often blamed for their children’s weight problems because of their faulty __________________ and emotional ___________.

A

Feeding practices; imbalance

146
Q

Mothers who are careless, negligent, or overly permissive are considered partly responsible for the ___________ epidemic.

A

Obesity

147
Q

What term has established itself more in Canadian medical research than ‘epidemic?’

A

Risk

148
Q

Using the term ‘______’ conceptualizes obesity as a risk factor for disease + as a disease itself.

A

Risk

149
Q

Canadian medical discussions on obesity label what 2 things as critical components to treatment?

A
  1. Food
  2. Diet
150
Q

____________-level solutions remain central in Canada in contrast to addressing social factors for obesity.

A

Individual

151
Q

Both the church and the federal government have responded to the legacy of residential schooling by issuing ______________________.

A

Formal apologies

152
Q

According to a social darwinism theorist, who was considered as the most highly evolved?

A

European colonizers

153
Q

Eurocentric science has its foundation in __________ oppositions.

A

Binary

154
Q

What are the 2 binary oppositions that make up science today?

A

Eurocentric science + Indigenous knowledge

155
Q

In Indigenous knowledge, the _________ world and the _________ world are interwoven.

A

Natural; social

156
Q

_________ world has dominion over the __________ world in Eurocentric science.

A

Social; Natural

157
Q

Science is seen as a _________ act that has been used to benefit the dominant culture by modelling the core intellectual practices of _____________________.

A

Political; colonization

FINAL - SOC224 (5 decks)

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