AR, FS and EP Flashcards
Why was CRM originally developed and why is it important?
Ensure that all members of the crew are trained and able to improve the effectiveness of the aircraft and achieve the mission.
To make all members of crew responsible.
What is the Risk to Life Matrix?
Combination of Hazard vs Risk
Categorised into priority.
What is Perception?
Knowledge, plus personal experience to give the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted.
What is a Risk?
Risk is the assessed potential for adverse consequences resulting from a hazard.
What is the definition of Flight Safety?
Flight Safety
The ability to operate in the air environment in the safest possible manner.
What are the three types of Decision?
Rules based - Turn right to avoid a collision
Pattern based - set procedure
Analytical - RAPDAR
What is meant by Land as soon as possible?
Land at nearest airfield suitable for landing, but prepare for forced landing.
What is the call MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY?
Distress call, danger to life or aircraft if immediate action is not taken.
What are Duty Holders?
Actively manage air safety in their area of responsibility.
Duty of care for their personnel and the general public.
Senior Duty Holder <span><strong>**</strong></span>
Operational Duty Holder <span>**</span>
Delivery Duty Holder 1/2<strong><span>*</span></strong>
What is ALARP?
As low as reasonably practictable
Further reduction to risk is grossly disproportional to cost.
What is DAEMS?
Defence Aviation Error Management System (DAEMS)
How can we fix this process?
Report
Investigate in a non-judgmental way
Decide and Respond
Review
What is a Caution?
The occurence may cause damage to the aircraft if not addressed.
What is a Caution on the FRCs?
Statement if not observed may result in damage to aircraft or eqiupment.
What is CRM?
Crew/Cockpit Resource Management
Cognitive and Interpersonal skills training to complement training to avoid accidents
What makes up Resource Management?
Aircraft Systems
Cockpit Resources
Crew Resources
External Resources
What is a DASOR?
Defence Air Safety Occurence Report
Incidents, Accidents, Near Misses. Reported and submitted through ASIMS
What is Cognition?
Developing knowledge through thought, experience and the senses
What is ASIMS?
Air Safety Information Management System
The Air Safety Information Management System is a web based tool to support the reporting, management and analysis of air safety occurrences, investigations and recommendations.
What is MAA?
Independent organisation responsible for organising all aspects of air safety across defence.
What are FRCs?
Flight Reference Cards
Derived from aircraft flight manual.
Bold face are critical actions in an emergency.
What are the FEEL checks?
Part of the airmanship cycle. FEEL.
FUEL
ENGINE
ELECTRICS
LOCATION
What are the emergency squawk frequencies?
7500 - Unlawful interference
7600 - Total Radio Failure
7700 - Emergency
What is Heinrich’s Triangle?
The accident triangle, also known as Heinrich’s triangle, is a theory of accident prevention. It shows a relationship between serious accidents, minor accidents and near misses and proposes that if the number of minor accidents is reduced then there will be a corresponding fall in the number of serious accidents.
What is FOD?
Foreign Object Debris causes Foreign Object Damage.
What are the components of RAPDAR?
RAPDAR
Decision making loop that is used by the military.
Recognise
Analyse
Prioritise
Decide
Act
Review
What are the priorities in an emergency?
Aviate - Fly the aircraft, maintain control, analyse situation
Navigate - Get aircraft safely to the ground
Communicate
Procedures can be found in aircraft manual, FRCs and comms procedures.
What is good airmanship?
Consistent use of judgment, training and a good approach to achieve the mission.
What is the process for mitigating risk?
Collect
Analyse
Act
What is the Swiss cheese model?
Incidents are often a sequence of interlinked events. Putting barriers between these layers will reduce the chance of an incident occuring.
In the Swiss Cheese model, an organisation’s defences against failure are modelled as a series of barriers, represented as slices of the cheese. The holes in the cheese slices represent individual weaknesses in individual parts of the system, and are continually varying in size and position in all slices.
What is CAT5 situation?
Accident
Complete write off
Name a common airmanship cycle.
FEEL
Fuel
Engine
Electrics
Location
What is the call PAN PAN PAN?
Concern for safety of aircraft or person on board where immediate assistance is not required.
What is Long term memory?
Using the computer analogy- computer harddrive
Semantic: facts, rules information, procedures
Motor: practiced skills
Episodic: key events that remain in memory
What is the definition of CRM?
CRM is the use of all skills and resources available to the crew to improve the likelihood of success in the flight.
When can a risk said to be ALARP?
Cost of further reduction is grossly disproportionate to the benefits gained.
When is good situational awareness achieved?
When perception and your mental model is very close to reality.
What is the difference between a Warning and a Caution?
Warning - Risk to life and possible loss of aircraft
Caution - Risk of damage to equipment and aircraft
What is the definition of Air Safety?
Freedom from unacceptable risk or damage throughout the life of an aircraft system
What is the definition of Airworthiness?
Airworthiness
The ability of an aircraft, airborne equipment or system to be operated in flight and on the ground without any significant risks to aircrew, ground crew, passengers or third parties.
What is RAPDAR?
RAPDAR
Decision making loop that is used by the military.
Recognise
Analyse
Prioritise
Decide
Act
Review
What makes up mental performance?
Flexibility
Priority Allocation
Situational Analysis
What are the stages of DAEMS?
Report
Investigate
Decide
Respond
Review
What are the two types of Situational Awareness?
Individual - Reading instruments in cockpit
Collective - Fed information from crew
What does ‘Land as soon as practicable’ mean?
Land in a suitable location when possible.
What is the definition of airworthiness?
Operation of the aircraft without significant risks to the aircrew
What are Human Factors?
Acknowledging that mistakes may happen due to human traits.
What is a Hazard?
Unassessed chance of Harm
How is Airmanship developed?
Feedback/Reflection - Debriefs
Understanding the theory
Experience over time
Learning from others
What are the three components of airmanship?
Technical Knowledge
Skills
Human Factors
What is a Just Culture?
Errors will occur, we must aim to reduce them.
Just culture refers to a values-supportive model of shared accountability. It’s a culture that holds organizations accountable for the systems they design and for how they respond to staff behaviors fairly and justly.
What is the SHELL model?
Way of identifying what threats are present and what mistakes might occur.
Software
Hardware
Environmental
Liveware (Crew)
Liveware (Personal)
How is airmanship developed?
FUEL
Feedback and Understanding, Experience over time, feedback and reflection, understanding the theory.
What is ALARP?
As Low as Reasonably Practicable
A risk can be said to be reduced to an ALARP level when the cost of further reduction is ‘grossly disproportionate’ to the benefits of risk reduction.
What is Flight Safety?
The ability to operate in the air environment in the safest possible manner
What is meant by land as soon as possible?
Fixed Wing - Nearest suitable airfield
Rotary - Most suitable site, rather than airfield
What is a Rule Based Decision?
Moving the right ahead of a possible collision.
What is the definition of Air Safety?
Air Safety
The state of freedom from unacceptable risk of injury to persons, or damage throughout the life cycle of military Air Systems.
