Aquatic parasites, bacteria, fungi Flashcards by Dakota Weber

What causes Marine Ich?

Cryptocaryon Irritans, a ciliate parasite

“White Spot Disease”

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What causes Ich in Freshwater fish?

Ichthyophthirius multifilis, a ciliate parasite

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How to diagnose Marine or Freshwater Ich?

Skin scrape

shows ciliates with visible macronucleus

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What causes Velvet disease?

Amlyloodinium spp (marine fish)

Oodinium in fresh water fish

(a dinoflagellate parasite)

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How do you treat Velvet disease in fish?

Bath treatments with saline

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What causes hole in head disease?

Hexamita spp.

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CS of Hexamita in fish?

1st CS is slimy, white mucousy feces even when eating and acting normal
Hiding in corner
Swimming backwards
Head above eyes gets thin
Gets blackened in color

“Hole in Head disease”

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How to treat Hexamita in fish?

Metronidazole

(Hole in Head disease)

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What causes whirling disease in fish?

Myxobolus cerebralis

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What fish are most susceptible to Whirling disease?

juvenile Salmonids, specifically Rainbow Trout in both farmed and wild populations

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CS of whirling disease in fish?

Erratic tail chasing
Blackened caudal area
Lifelong skeletal abnormalities, targets SC + CNS

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What causes proliferative kidney dz in fish?

Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae

one of the most serious parasitic diseases in salmonid populations, responsible for collapse of Arctic Char

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How to diagnose Kudoa spp. in fish?

Sample predilection tissue, typically found in skeletal muscle but can be found anywhere

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What causes post mortem myoliquification in fish?

Kudoa spp (Myxosporeans)

food safety concern, ass. w raw fish (tuna, amberjack)

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What CS can be seen in fish infected with Kudoa spp.?

White cysts in muscle
Post mortem myoliquification

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SLICE is an avermection parasiticide for treatment of?

Salmon louse

resistance has already been reported…

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What fish parasite has a direct lifecycle?

Class Monogenea

(Looks like a fluke/trematode but in a different class)

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How to treat Monogenea ectoparasites in fish?

Skin flukes
Tx with Praziquantel or H2O2 baths

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List most IMPT things to know about Class Monogenea in fish?

Direct life cycle
Attach via hooks
Tx with Praziquantel or H2O2 baths

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What causes saddleback disease in fish and how does it appear?

Caused by Flavobacterium columnare
Moldy, cottony appearance, often mistaken for a fungal infection
Gray patches on the body of fish
Affects aquarium/pet fish
Ass with shipping, warmer temps, poor water quality

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What bacteria causes a moldy, cottony appearance on the body of aquarium fish?

Flavobacterium columnare (Saddleback Disease)

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What CS can be seen with Tenacibaculosis/Flavobacteriosis in farmed marine fish?

Ulcers, necrotic lesions, and corrosion of the tail and fins

What can be a consequence of bacterial or parasitic infections causing a fish to have a pinecone like appearance?

Dropsy/Bloat

How to treat Francisellosis in farmed fish?

Oxytetracycline

**What causes furunculosis in fish?**

**Aeromonas salmonicida** Note: Aeromonas hydrophila causes motile aeromonas septicemia.. different than furunculosis

What is the difference between Aeromonas salmonicida and Aeromonas hydrophila?

- **A. salmonicida is NON motile and causes furunculosis** - A. hydrophila is MOTILE

What causes raised muscle lesions resembling skil boils in fish?

**Furunculosis / Aeromonas salmonicida**

What can cause a **C or S shaped body posturing** in both marine or freshwater fish?

**Streptococcus** (iniae or agalactiae)

What fish are resistant to Streptococcus?

**Goldfish, Carp**, channel catfish

What are risk factors for streptococcus infection in fish?

- High stocking density - Poor water quality - Warmer water temperatures

What vaccines are available for prevention of bacterial infections?

**- Furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida) - Streptococcus - Vibrio** (Red pest of eels/Hemorrhagic syndrome/Hitra dz)

What CS can be seen with Vibriosis?

- **Red spots, swollen, dark lesions on skin that bleed** - Internal hemorrhage - White/Grey lesions on intestines and spleen

What causes bacterial kidney dz in fish?

**Renibacterium salmoninarium** **REPORTABLE!!**, no treatment

What is phaeohyphomycosis caused by?

**Exophilia spp.** (dematiaceous fungi) "Black yeast"

What disease targets **fish eggs and juvenile fish in hatcheries?**

**Saprolegniasis (water mold, not a fungus)**

What fish species are most affected by **Saprolegniasis (water mold, not a fungus)**?

**fish eggs and juvenile fish in hatcheries**

What causes gill rot and what species are affected?

- **Branchiomycosis** (water mold, not a fungus) - **Ornamental and freshwater koi, eel, bass, perch** affected

CS of Branchiomycosis?

- **Gill rot** - Acute infection of gills with high mortality - Respiratory distress - **Patchy, marbled appearance of gills** (Water mold, not a fungi)

Risk factors for Branchiomycosis / Gill rot?

- Low pH - Low DO2 - Overcrowding - High algal bloom

Causative agent of cotton shrimp disease?

**Microsporidiosis**

What causes xenomas in fish?

**Microsporidiosis "Cotton Shrimp Disease"**

CS of Cotton shrimp disease?

- **Xenomas (single hypertrophied cell containing millions of spores)** - Infections are chronic, spores persist for years in tanks and ponds

List IMPT facts about Spring Viremia of Carp

- **Infectious swim bladder inflammation** - **NOTIFIABLE DISEASE** - Causative agent: **Rhabdovirus** - Kidney, Spleen, Liver affected - Loss of water balance - Impairment of immune response

What species of fish is affected by infectious swim bladder inflammation?

**Carp - Spring Viremia of Carp** **NOTIFIABLE DISEASE**

What fish species is affected by Herpesvirus-3?

**KOI**

What fish species is resistant to Herpesvirus-3 infection?

**Goldfish are unaffected** Disease of Koi /Cyprinids!

What diseases are goldfish unaffected by?

- **Koi / Cyprinid Herpesvirus-3** - Streptococcus

CS of Koi Herpesvirus-3?

- **Red and white patches on gills** - Sunken eyes - Acute mortality

CS of infectious salmon anemia virus?

- Widespread hemorrhage - Anemia, pale heart and gills - **Gasping at the surface** **REPORTABLE/NOTIFIABLE TO WOAH**, Tx is by killing all fish in the tank, must eradicate

**What emerging disease in salmon predisposes to gas bubble disease?**

**Salmon Gill Poxvirus**

CS of Salmon Gill poxvirus?

- **Respiratory distress** - **Gas bubble disease** - **Gasping at surface** - **Increased operculum movement**

List Reportable viral diseases to WOAH

**- Infectious Salmon Anemia virus - Spring Viremia of Carp** - Viral hemorrhagic septicemia - Infectious haematopoetic necrosis virus - Salmon Alpha virus (Pancrease dz)

Risk factor for Salmon gillpox virus?

**Increased DO2 / Supersaturation of nitrogen or O2** (Gas bubble disease)