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Avian and Exotics > Anesthesia and Surgical Technique in Reptiles > Flashcards

Anesthesia and Surgical Technique in Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the best way to assess anesthetic depth in reptiles?

A
  • Loss of righting reflex (When they are on their back, unable to flip back over)
  • Corneal reflex
  • Tongue withdrawal in lizards and NON-venomous snakes (absent = too deep)
  • Toe pinch reflex (should be absent)
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2
Q

Which of the following is the least accurate at measuring anesthetic depth in reptiles?

A. Righting reflex
B. Corneal reflex
C. Palpebral reflex
D. Tongue withdrawal reflex

A

C. Palpebral reflex

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3
Q

What diagnostics are most commonly used to assess CV function in reptiles?

A
  • Doppler
  • ECG

(Note: direct arterial BP is NOT done in reptiles)

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4
Q

Where should the doppler probe be placed to evaluate the CV function in chelonians?

A
  • Over the carotid artery
  • Or directed caudally towards the heart
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5
Q

Where should the doppler probe be placed to evaluate CV function in lizards?

A
  • Over the carotid artery
  • Or directed caudally towards the heart

(same as chelonians)

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6
Q

What is the drug protocol used in reptiles for short, non invasive procedures or for induction of anesthesia?

A
  • Dexmedetomidine + low dose ketamine
  • Other options are Propofol, or Alfaxalone and Midazolam
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7
Q

What methods have been used to study analgesic drugs in reptiles?

A
  • Ethogram (subjective) → recording and observing their behaviors on drugs best, most commonly used)
  • Extrapolating (drug levels that manage pain in mammals don’t always correlate with efficacy in reptiles) AKA not the best

(Thermal or electrical stimuli assessment is UNETHICAL and NOT used)

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8
Q

What antiparasitic should never be used in chelonians?

A

IVERMECTIN!! Crosses BBB, Fatal!!

(Navle Q)

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9
Q

What is true about placement of an esophagostomy tube in reptiles?

A
  • Well tolerated
  • Good for long term maintenance in anorexic reptiles
  • Minimizes esophageal trauma
  • Minimizes stress and handling
  • Can provide enteral nutrition
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10
Q

What post op monitoring should be done in reptiles following anesthesia?

A
  • Maintain temp at the upper range of the preferred optimum
  • Keep them warm!!
  • Monitor with flexible temp probes (best is esophageal temp probe)
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11
Q

Which reptiles require uncuffed ET tubes?

A
  • Chelonians
  • Crocodiles
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12
Q

What is the most common complication to occur intra op in reptiles and how can it be avoided?

A
  • Profound respiratory depression and hypothermia
  • Essential to provide IPPV / ventilation support
  • Keep temp at high end of preferred optimum
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13
Q

What are common surgical procedures performed on snakes?

A
  • Coeliotomy
  • FB removal
  • Dystocia
  • Subspectacular abscess (from dysectasis and poor husbandry)
  • Hemipene amputation
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14
Q

When can the prefemoral fossa approach using endoscopy be used in chelonians?

A
  • To gain access to caudal coelomic cavity for:
  • Enterotomies
  • Cystotomy (Ex: for cystic calculi removal)
  • Liver and Renal biopsy
  • Egg removal
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15
Q

What are common surgical procedures performed in crocodiles?

A
  • FB removal via gastroscopy
  • Enterotomies
  • Fracture and laceration repair
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16
Q

When is use of a flexible endoscope indicated for reptiles?

A
  • Removal of esophageal and gastric FBs
  • Evaluation of airways
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17
Q

When is use of a RIGID endoscope indicated for reptiles?

A
  • Used for laproscopic/internal examination of coelomic cavity
  • Liver and kidney biopsies
18
Q

What fluids can be used in reptiles?

A
  1. Reptile Ringers (1 part LRS to 2 parts 2.5% dextrose and 0.45% NaCl)
  2. Norm R
  3. LRS
  4. 0.9% NaCl
19
Q

What does reptile ringers solution consist of?

A

1 part LRS to 2 parts 2.5% dextrose and 0.45% NaCl

20
Q

Intraosseus administration of fluids is not performed in which of the following reptiles?

A. Lizards
B. Chelonians
C. Crocodiles
D. Snakes

A

D. Snakes

21
Q

What is the most common location to administer IV fluids in sea turtles?

A
  • Dorsal cervical sinus
  • Jug vein
22
Q

Where can IO fluid therapy be administered in chelonians?

A
  • Into the bridge that connects the plastron and carapace
  • Into the gular scute (first pair of scutes on plastron/lower shell, closest to the head)
23
Q

How can a reptile be “soaked” as a method of fluid therapy?

A
  • Provide luke warm water for 24 hours for mildly dehydrated patients
24
Q

What are the disadvantages of intracoelomic fluid administration in reptiles?

A
  • Compromises lung and other organ space (bc no diaphragm!)
  • Not rapidly absorbed → only used for maintenance
  • May lead to fluid overload in a hypoproteinemic patient
25
Q

How can a urine sample be collected in chelonians?

A
  • Urethral catheterization under sedation using a rigid endoscope
  • Free catch but urodeum is continuous with coprodeum → contaminated sample
26
Q

What is needed to perform urethral catheterization on a chelonian?

A
  • Use a rigid scope under sedation
27
Q

How can a urine sample be collected from a snake?

A
  • No urinary bladder in snakes!
  • Must be collected from URETERS via rigid endoscopy
28
Q

Which of the following techniques is not used to collect urine from a reptile?

A. Urethral catheterization
B. Free catch
C. Cystocentesis
D. Ureteral collection in snakes

A

C. Cystocentesis

Reptiles have thin walled bladder, cysto is too risky and not recommended

29
Q

Which scope is used for sex determination in reptiles?

A

Rigid scope

30
Q

What is a disadvantage to using endoscopy in sea turtles?

A
  • Esophageal papillae may make it difficult
31
Q

A snake is presenting with mid body swelling and chronic regurgitation following a meal. What do you suspect and how can you diagnose?

A
  • Suspect Cryptococcus
  • Diagnosis made if evidence of gastric hypertrophy using GI endoscopy
  • also do a Fecal

(Differential diagnosis: Leiomyoma)

32
Q

What are common uses of endoscopy in snakes?

A
  • GI endoscopy for chronic regurg associated with Cryptococcus
  • Tracheobronchoscopy for granulomatous pneumonia due to Mycobacterium spp.
33
Q

What is a common cause of chronic regurgitation in snakes?

A

Cryptococcus

34
Q

When is a blood transfusion indicated in reptiles?

A
  • PCV < 5%
  • Acute blood loss
  • Life threatening anemia
35
Q

What is the preferred analgesic of choice for reptiles?

A
  • Morphine (based on thermal noxious stimuli methods used) + Tramadol, NSAIDs, Dexmedetomidine

(Ethogram study showed RES returned to normal behavior quicker with morphine, Tramadol in RES showed increased withdrawal latencies but less respiratory depression)

36
Q

When would a plastron osteotomy be indicated?

A
  • Gastrotomy
  • OVH
  • Enterotomy
  • Cystotomy

(prefemoral approach is less invasive and preferred for cystotomy and enterotomy if possible)

37
Q

What suture pattern is used to close the skin in turtles?

A

Horizontal mattress sutures

38
Q

What is a common indication to perform a cystotomy in chelonians?

A
  • Cystic calculi
  • Can be done using prefemoral approach or plastron osteotomy

(Husbandry issue: due to lack of water access and high protein diets)

39
Q

What is the surgical approach to performing an OVH in chelonians?

A

Assess via plastron osteotomy

40
Q

How can a ventral approach into the coelomic cavity be performed in lizards?

A
  • Paramedian incision required to avoid ventral abdominal vein that lies on midline
  • Use an everting pattern on skin in lizards by closing with horizontal mattress or vertical mattress sutures
41
Q

Where should intracoelomic fluids be administered in a snake?

A
  • Ventrocaudal third of the animal to avoid lungs

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