apush midterm Flashcards
columbian exchange
the transatlantic flow of goods and people that began with columbus’s voyages in 1492
ecomienda system
-A system used by Spaniards in which Indians were given to colonists to use for labor
-In exchange, the Spaniards made attempts to convert them to Christianity
trans-atlantic slave trade
trade among Europe, Africa, and the Americas. The Americas would give Europe raw materials, Europe would give finished products to Africa. Africa would give slaves to America
how did europeans treat native communities in general
As Europeans took control of more and more of the Americas, millions of Indigenous People were killed. Countless others were pushed into the interior of both continents. Still others were forced into slavery.
how did native americans respond to european colonization
a mix of initial cautious hospitality, attempts at diplomacy, and ultimately, armed resistance as European settlers increasingly encroached on their land, leading to conflicts and displacement due to the rapid expansion of colonial settlements and the devastating effects of introduced diseases; their responses varied depending on the specific tribe and their interactions with different European powers
how were native american populations impacted by the arrival of europeans
-massive population declines
-disease epidemics
-warfare and conflict
-forced relocation
-economic disruption
-cultural disruption
compare/contrast different european groups and their approach to native americans
the most significant differences lie in their primary motivations, whether it was primarily focused on religious conversion (Spanish), fur trade alliances (French), or land acquisition (British)
compare women in early british colonies
had limited rights and faced many restrictions but also made contributions to the colonies
-Women had few legal rights, including the right to vote, participate in politics, or own property. The concept of coverture meant that a woman’s legal rights were absorbed into her husband’s when she married
-Women were expected to be homemakers, raising children, cooking, and cleaning. They were also expected to marry young, often by age 13 or 14
-Women were active in cottage industries, such as making textiles, pottery, candles, and soap. They also helped their husbands in business ventures
Women made important contributions to the colonies, including:
Economic success: Enslaved women brought critical knowledge to the colonies.
The American Revolution: Women played a role in the American Revolution, including serving as heads of households, camp followers, and spies.
The Enlightenment: English women in the colonies made contributions to the Enlightenment.
anne hutchinson
A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.
mercantilism
policy of great britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economies of colonies to benefit the mother country
indentured servitude
Passage paid for poor young men and women to come to colonies; in return, they worked for the person who paid their passage for a set number of years, usually 5-7 years, after which they gained their freedom. An indenture is a type of contract. Indentured servants were the primary source of labor in the American colonies during the early years of settlement.
identify and analyze the regions of the 13 colonies
The 13 colonies are traditionally divided into three regions: New England Colonies (including Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut), Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware), and Southern Colonies (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia).
why did americans desire independence from the british
a growing resentment towards British policies that imposed unfair taxation without representation in Parliament, coupled with a tightening control over colonial governance, which they viewed as a violation of their rights as British citizens
loyalists/patriots
“Loyalists” refers to American colonists who remained faithful to the British Crown during the American Revolution, while “Patriots” are those who supported the colonial movement for independence from Britain
what impact did the navigation acts have on the american colonies
severely restricting their trade, forcing them to only trade with Britain, which led to resentment among colonists, increased smuggling activities, and ultimately contributed to growing tensions that eventually fueled the American Revolution
timeline of events leading to the american revolution
the passing of the Stamp Act in 1765, which sparked widespread colonial resistance, followed by the Townshend Acts, the Boston Massacre in 1770, the Boston Tea Party in 1773, the Coercive Acts, and finally the battles at Lexington and Concord in 1775
what was the impact of foreign aid during the revolutionary war
primarily from france, providing essential military supplies, troops, and naval support, which significantly contributed to the American victory, particularly at the Battle of Yorktown, and ultimately allowed the colonists to secure their independence from Great Britain; without this assistance, the war could have likely ended very differently for the Americans
what did washington encourage and discourage in his farewell address
encouraged: National unity, Neutrality in foreign affairs, Civic virtue
discouraged: political parties, foreign influence, regionalism
declaration of independence
document adopted on july 4, 1776, that made the break with britain official; drafted by a committee of the second continental congress, including principal writer thomas jefferson
articles of confederation
first frame of government for the united states; in effect from 1781 to 1788, it provided for a weak central authority and was soon replaced by the constitution
constitution
a governing document that defines the structure of the U.S. federal government, establishes the rights of citizens, and separates the powers of government into three branches:
three fifths compromise
a provision signed into the constitution in 1787 that three-fifths of the enslaved population would be counted in determining each state’s representation in the house of representatives and its electoral votes for president
federalism
a system of government in which power is divided between the central government and the states
compare the federalists and anti-federalists
Federalists were those who favored the Constitution and wanted a strong central government. Anti Federalists wanted a weak central government and more power to the people and opposed the ratification of the Constitution.
Significance: Two political parties were formed and the Anti Federalists became known as the Democratic Republicans. Although Federalists were in power at first, eventually the party was overpowered by the Democratic Republican.
explain the impact of the bill of rights
it addressed concerns from Anti-Federalists by explicitly guaranteeing fundamental individual liberties like freedom of speech, religion, press, and assembly, effectively limiting the federal government’s power and securing citizens’ rights, which was essential in gaining ratification for the Constitution across the states; it essentially codified these rights, making them a cornerstone of American democracy
democratic-republicans
Democratic-Republicans believed in a weak central government, state and individual rights, and strict interpretation of the Constitution.
federalists
led by george washington, john adams, and alexander hamilton, favored a strong central government
the enlightenment
revolution in though in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason and science over the authority of traditional religion
second great awakening
religious revival movement of the early decades of the nineteenth century, in reaction to the growth of secularism and rationalist religion; began the predominance of the baptist and methodist churches
describe the age of reform
a period in the early 19th century (roughly between 1820 and 1850) marked by a surge of social reform movements across the United States, including abolitionism, temperance, women’s rights, education reform, and prison reform, largely fueled by the Second Great Awakening and the Market Revolution
describe spheres of influence
is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the borders of the state that controls it
what happened at the seneca falls convention
Took place in upper state New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote
declaration of sentiments
series of resolutions issued at the end of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848; modeled after the Declaration of Independence, the list of grievances called for economic and social equality for women, along with a demand for the right to vote. Written By Stanton
expansion of suffrage overtime
The expansion in suffrage went from the wealthy and powerful elites to all white men. In Maryland, their legislators believed that property qualifications only led to the powerful being able to make decisions. Because of this, people were moving out to the western states, so legislators reluctantly agreed to a broader franchise. Now, people voted for judges and justices of peace rather than appointment of them.
temperance movement
a widespread reform movement, led by militant christians, focused on reducing the use of alcoholic beverages
trail of tears
cherokee’s own term for their forced removal, 1838-1839, from the southeast to indian territory (later oklahoma). of 18,000 at the start of the journey, at least 4,500 died
women suffrage movement: causes & effects
causes: The movement was inspired by the American Revolution, the French and Haitian Revolutions, and the Mexican and Russian Revolutions. Other influences included Enlightenment concepts, socialism, and the abolitionist movement
effects: 19th amendment, increased school spending, expanded opportunities, other movements, racism
positive good theory v necessary evil
The positive good theory is the idea that slavery was not, actually a “necessary evil,” as Jefferson would describe it, but “a good-a positive good” institution for both blacks and whites in that whites get cheap manual labor and blacks benefit from the civilizing effect of being under the guidance of benevolent whites, and exposure to Christianity (John C. Calhoun’s response)
understand the impact of federally funded infrastructure on manufacturing and agriculture
facilitating the efficient transportation of raw materials and finished goods between regions, thereby expanding markets and stimulating economic growth
nullification crisis
the 1832 attempt by the state of south carolina to nullify, or invalidate within its border, the 1832 federal tariff law. president jackson responded with the force act of 1833
impact of tariffs on northern industry and southern plantations
negatively impacting Southern plantations by forcing them to pay higher prices for imported goods, often leading to resentment and contributing to sectional tensions that eventually led to the Civil War; essentially, tariffs acted as a protectionist measure for the North’s growing manufacturing sector at the expense of the South’s agricultural economy
tariff of abominations
tariff passed in 1828 by congress that taxed imported goods at a very high rate; aroused strong opposition in the south
northern industry
the concentrated manufacturing and industrial development that took place in the Northern states of the United States prior to the Civil War, primarily focused on textile production, ironworks, and machinery, which contrasted significantly with the South’s largely agrarian economy based on slave labor
nationalism
Political ideology that stresses people’s membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe
whigs
supporters of the american system, southern nullies, northern industrialists and merchants, and evangelical protestants associated with the Anti-Masonic party; support for internal improvements, prisons, asylums, public schools, and the market economy
democrats
Pro slavery, held in the south
Supported the Kansas-Nebraska act as they felt they had majority to make these states slave states and they felt it supported the idea that the decision of slavery was for the states
In favor of the Dred-Scott ruling
Mainly worked in an agricultural economy
republicans
Abolitionist and free soil, held in the north
Formed following the fall of the Whig party in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. They wanted the act repealed
Against the Dred-Scott ruling
Mainly worked in an industrial economy
sectionalism
the political, economic, and social loyalty to a specific region of the United States, often prioritizing the interests of that region over the nation as a whole
manifest destiny
phrase first used in 1845 to urge annexation of texas; used thereafter to encourage u.s. settlement of european colonial and native lands in the great plains and the west and, more generally, as a justification for american empire
mexican-american war: causes & effects
causes: texas annexation, manifest destiny, border disputes, american claims against mexico
effects: territorial expansion, increased sectional tension, treaty of guadalupe hidalgo, mexican resentment, military leadership development
describe the role of slavery in the south
slavery played a foundational role in the Southern economy, serving as the primary labor force on large plantations that produced cash crops like cotton, tobacco, and rice, essentially shaping the social structure, politics, and culture of the South, leading to a significant disparity between the wealthy slave-owning class and the impoverished non-slaveholding white population; ultimately, the institution of slavery became a major contributing factor to the Civil War
secession: causes & effects
causes: Moral divide
The southern economy relied heavily on slave labor, with slavery being outlawed in the US the southern economy would fall
Felt their state rights to govern themselves on the basis of slavery were violated (10th amendment argument)
States wanted to be able to deem federal laws unconstitutional but the north denied this because this power was in the judiciary
Citizens in the southern states were divided about secession, this is shown when Virginia seceded and all the citizens who did not want to secede broke off and became West Virginia. Another example: some slave states did not secede such as Kentucky.
effects: political division, the withdrawal of 11 slave states (states in which slaveholding was legal) from the Union during 1860–61 following the election of Abraham Lincoln as president
northwest ordinance
1787 law that created the northwest territory (area north of the ohio river and west of pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a bill of rights, and permanently prohibited slavery
kansas-nebraska act
1854 law sponsored by illinois senator stephen a. douglas to allow settlers in newly organized territories north of the missouri border to decide the slavery issue for themselves; fury over the resulting repeal of the missouri compromise of 1820 led to violence in kansas and to the formation of the republican party
free-soilers
northerners who opposed allowing slavery in the territories organized the free-soil party in 1848 which adopted the slogan “free soil, free labor, and freemen”. its chief objective was to prevent the extension of slavery and it also advocated free homesteads (public land grants to small farmers) and internal improvements (such as roads and harbors)
popular sovereignty
program that allowed settlers in a disputed territory to decide the slavery issue for themselves; most closely associated with senator stephen a. douglas of illinois
abolitionism
Abolitionism was the movement in opposition to slavery, often demanding immediate, uncompensated emancipation of all slaves. This was generally considered radical, and there were only a few adamant abolitionists prior to the Civil War. Almost all abolitionists advocated legal, but not social equality for blacks. Many abolitionists, such as William Lloyd Garrison were extremely vocal and helped to make slavery a national issue, creating sectional tension because most abolitionists were from the North.
who was william lloyd garrison?
William Lloyd Garrison was a radical who founded The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper, in Boston in 1831. He advocated immediate, uncompensated emancipation and even civil equality for blacks. This made Garrison a famous and highly controversial abolitionist whose main tactic was to stir up emotions on the slavery issue
nativism
anti-immigrant and anti-catholic feeling especially prominent from the 1830s through the 1850s; the largest group of its proponents was new york’s order of the star-spangled banner, which expanded into the american (know-nothing) party in 1854
know-nothing party/american party
nativist, anti-catholic third party organized in 1854 in reaction to large-scale german and irish immigration; the party’s only presidential candidate was millard fillmore in 1856
missouri compromise
deal proposed by kentucky senator henry clay in 1820 to resolve the slave/free imbalance in congress that would result from missouri’s admission as a slave state; maine’s admission as a free state offset missouri, and slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the louisiana territory north of the southern border of missouri
compromise of 1850
complex compromise devised by senator henry clay that admitted california as a free state, included a stronger fugitive slave law, and delayed determination of the slave status of the new mexico and utah territories
identify trends in american reliance on slavery
a significant concentration of slave labor in the Southern states, primarily focused on cotton production
pre-civil war opinions on slavery
the North generally opposing the expansion of slavery into new territories while the South strongly advocated for its preservation and even expansion
treatment of native americans in the 19th century
Native Americans were generally treated poorly by the U.S. government, experiencing forced removal from their land through policies like the Indian Removal Act, confinement to reservations, and systematic attempts at cultural assimilation through boarding schools, often involving harsh conditions and suppression of their languages and traditions, all driven by a belief in white supremacy and a desire to acquire Native land for westward expansion; this treatment is often described as “cultural genocide.”
causes of the civil war
slavery, states’ rights disputes, economic differences between the North and South, the expansion of slavery into new territories, and the election of Abraham Lincoln
advantages for each side in the civil war
the Union (North) had major advantages in terms of population, industrial capacity, and a strong navy, while the Confederacy (South) primarily benefited from fighting a defensive war on their own territory, often with skilled military leadership and familiarity with the land
civil war amendments
13th, 14th, and 15th amendments
explain how reconstruction succeeded and failed
succeeded: Amendments (13, 14, and 15) provided rights to black men and overturned the Dred Scot ruling
Civil Rights Act of 1866 gave African Americans legal protections
Freedman’s Bureau provided many opportunities despite poor enforcement
failed: People were upset with these amendments being passed, groups such as the KKK emerged in response
Sharecropping exploits African Americans where they were free, but they were not making much money and they were in debt (mostly same as situation as slaves)
uncle tom’s cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s 1852 antislavery novel that popularized the abolitionist position.
underground railroad
Operating in the decades before the Civil War, a clandestine system of routes and safehouses through which slaves were led to freedom in the North.
harriet tubman
Abolitionist who was born a slave, escaped to the North, and then returned to the South nineteen times and guided 300 slaves to freedom.
