apcsp midterm Flashcards
digital divide
the disparity between those with access to digital technologies and those without
-the “digital divide” refers to differing access to computing devices and the
internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic
characteristics
crowdsourcing
the practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the internet
citizen science
scientific research conducted in whole or part by distributed individuals, many of whom may not be scientists, who contribute relevant data to research using their own computing devices
creative commons
a public copyright license that enables the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work. this is used when the content creator wants to give others the right to share, use, and build upon the work they have created
personally identifiable information (PII)
information about an
individual that identifies, links, relates, or describes them
multifactor authentication
a method of computer access control in which a user is only granted access after successfully presenting several separate pieces of evidence to an authentication mechanism, typically in at least two of the
following categories: knowledge (something they know), possession (something they have), and inherence (something they are)
encryption
the process of encoding data to prevent unauthorized access. decryption is the process of decoding the data
computer virus
a malicious program that can copy itself and gain access to a computer in an unauthorized way; they often attach themselves to legitimate programs and start running independently on a computer
phishing
technique that attempts to trick a user into providing person information that can then be used to access sensitive online resources, such as bank accounts and emails
beneficial effects of computing
-advances in computing have generated and increased creativity in other fields, such as medicine, engineering, communications, and
the arts
-rapid sharing of a program or running a program with a large number
of users can result in significant impacts beyond the intended
purpose or control of the programmer
harmful effects of computing
-targeted advertising is used to help businesses, but it can be misused at both individual and aggregate levels.
-machine learning and data mining have enabled innovation in medicine, business, and science, but information discovered in this way has also been used to discriminate against groups of individuals
legal and ethical concerns of computing
-development of software that allows access to digital media downloads and streaming
-the development of algorithms that include bias
-the existence of computing devices that collect and analyze data by continuously monitoring activities
define a function
teach the computer a new command and explain what it should do when receiving that command
call a function
actually gives the command, so the computer will run the code for that function
decomposition
breaking your program into smaller parts
comment
a message in your code that explains what is going on
abstraction
managing complexity by taking away information and detail, in order to focus on the relevant concepts
documentation
written instruction detailing the functions, methods, and variables available and how to use them
for loops
repeats code a fixed number of time
if statement
executes nested code only if condition is true
if else statement
control structure that runs either one section of code or another depending on a test
while loop
repeat code as long as something is true
