APUSH Final Study Guide Flashcards
Wilmot Proviso
Failed bill that would’ve prohibited slavery in any territory obtained from MEXICO
1846 proposal by Democratic congress man David Wilmot of Pennsylvania to outlaw slavery in all territory acquired from Mexico. Significance: The proposal was defeated, but the fight over its adoption foreshadowed the sectional conflicts of the 1850s.
Free-Soil Party
Conspiracy
Stop Slavery in the West
Party founded by political abolitionists in 1848 to expand the appeal of the Liberty Party by focusing less on the moral wrongs of slavery and more on the benefits of providing economic opportunities for northern white people in western territories. Significance: stop expansion of slavery into western territories of the United States. It Supported free labor “free soil, free labor, free soil, free labor, free men
Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
Less strict. State authorities Ur mine so come here. Not matter where u go, you’ll be back soon
Act that ensured the right of slaveholders to capture enslaved people who had fled by mandating that local government seize and return them. However, the act was largely ignored by northerners. Significance: explained the process that was being used by slave owners to claim their property
Compromise of 1850
*Californias attempt to become free state
Came true but made more conflicts in south
*fugative acts came and Texas surrendered
*Henry Clay Proposed this
Series of acts following California’s application for admission as a free state. Meant to ease sectional tensions over slavery by providing something for all sides, the act ended up fueling more conflicts. Significance: Henry Clay Proposed this, symbol of victory for the abolitionists and North, brought the Fugative Slave Act, California was finally admitted as a free state, forbid slave trade in Washington D.C. it allowed California to enter as a free state, establishing Utah and New Mexico as official territories, and ending the slave trade in the District of Columbia in exchange for a new fugitive slave law.
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
*Federal Government
*Ur mine so come here. Not matter where u go, you’ll be back soon
Act that ensured the right of slaveholders to capture enslaved people who had fled by mandating that local government seize and return them. However, the act was largely ignored by northerners. Significance: helped the federal government to involve themselves in the capture and return of enslaved people, even in free states.
Underground Railroad
A series of routes from southern plantation areas to northern free states and Canada along which abolitionist supporters, known as conductors, provided hiding places, transportation, and resources to enslaved people seeking freedom. Significance: helped enslaved African Americans escape to their freedom.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
*it touched the North’s house
1852 novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The meaning for this book publicize the evils of slavery, the novel struck an emotional chord in the North and was an international best seller. Significance: it talks about the injustices of slavery, and brings the in derstandment of the African Americans capacity’s.
transcontinental railroad
* products from east
* west and east, easier for migrants
A railroad linking the East and West Coasts of North America. Completed in 1869, the transcontinental railroad facilitated the flow of migrants and the development of economic connections between the West and the East. Significance: it brought products from the eastern industry to the growing popularity beyond the Mississippi.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Repealed the Missouri Compromise
1854 act creating the territories of Kansas and Nebraska out of what was then American Indian land. The act stipulated that the issue of slavery would be settled by a popular referendum in each territory. Significance: this act revoked the Missouri Compromise, which had outlawed slavery above the 36º30’ latitude in the Louisiana territories, and once again it opened the struggle over slavery in the western territories.
American Party (aka Know-Nothing Party)
*Promote traditional American Ways
The best known of these nativist groups came to be called the American Party, and its adherents as Know-Nothings. The aim of the Know-Nothing movement was to combat foreign influences and to uphold and promote traditional American ways. Significance: battle foreign influences and to uphold and promote traditional American ways.
Republican Party
*More strict on what they do
* American Party
*anti- slavery
The Republican Party, also known as the GOP (Grand Old Party), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States. It emerged as the main political rival of the then-dominant Democratic Party in the 1850s, and the two parties have dominated American politics since then. Significance: More strict on what they do, go based off more on the constitution, principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party and the briefly popular Know Nothing Party.
Bleeding Kansas
*entered as a free state later on
The Kansas Territory during a period of violent conflicts over the fate of slavery in the mid-1859s. This violence intensified the sectional division over slavery. Significance: There was a huge horrendous conflict between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups, lasting until the violence died down in roughly 1859, and Kansas entered the union as a free state.
Dred Scott case
*sad for African Americans
1857 Supreme Court case centered on the status of Dred Scott and his family. In its ruling, the Court denied the claim that black men had any rights and blocked Congress from excluding slavery from any territory. Significance: it was when the US Supreme Court stated that enslaved people were not considered citizens, and that they weren’t the governments problem since they don’t have the authority because they’re not citizens.
Lincoln-Douglas debates
*Lincoln Won
*Expansion on Slavery
Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the 1859 Illinois Senate race that mainly focused on the expansion of slavery. Significance: launched him into national prominence which eventually led to his election as President of the United States.
John Brown’s raid
*attempted a slave revolt. Stupid kid got captured right away
1859 attack on the Federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, led by John Brown, who hoped to inspire a slave uprising and arm enslaved African Americans with the weapons taken from the arsenal. No uprising happened and Brown was captured and eventually executed for treason. Significance: made a solution to the issue with slavery.
Confederate States of America
*gov. Of 11 southern states that they wanted to separate gov. And just made a unsuccessful war
Name of the government that seceded from the Union after the election of President Lincoln in 1860. Significance: carried on all the affairs of a separate government and conducted a major war until they were defeated in the spring of 1865.
Election of 1860
(Lincoln)
Lincoln didn’t win his hometown votes
The 1860 election was the first of six consecutive Republican victories. Despite Lincoln’s commanding victory, this was the first election in American history in which the winner has failed to win his home county, with Lincoln narrowly losing Sangamon County, Illinois to Douglas. Significance:
Douglas was the only candidate in the 1860 election to win electoral votes in both free and slave states. In the South, Bell won three states and Breckinridge won the remaining 11. Lincoln’s election motivated seven Southern states, all voting for Breckinridge, to secede before the initiation in March.
Crittenden Plan
*failed attempt to stop southern slave activities and extended the Missouri Compromise.
*could’ve prevented Civil War
political compromise over slavery, which failed after seven southern states seceded from the Union in early 1861. It would have protected slavery from federal interference where it already existed and extended the Missouri Compromise line to California. Significance: it was an attempt to prevent the southern states from secession and the rise of the Civil War
Fort Sumter
*beginning of Civil War
Union fort that guarded the harbor in Charleston, South Carolina. The Confederacy’s decision to fire on the fort and block resupply in April 1861 marked the beginning of the Civil War. Significance: this fort was the official beginning of the American Civil War
Battle of Bull Run
*1st battle of Civil War
* Confederate troops defeated union
First major battle of the Civil War at which Confederate troops defeated Union forces in July 1861. Significance: the first ever full-scale battle of the Civil War
confiscation acts
- slaves were being freed but they were still confiscated by the confederate property
Laws passed by Congress during the Civil War that authorized the confiscation of Confederate property. Under the confiscation acts, any enslaved people who were forced to work for the Confederate army would no longer be bound to slaveholders. Significance: the slaves were being freed but were still held by the Confederate forces in the South
Battle of Antietam
*bloodiest day
* gave Lincoln the right to do the Emancipation Proclamation
September 1862 battle in Sharpsburg, Maryland. While it remains the bloodiest single day in U.S. military history, it gave Abraham Lincoln the victory he sought before announcing the Emancipation Proclamation. Significance: the battle proved that the Union could stand against the Confederate army in the Eastern theater
Emancipation Proclamation
*slaves r freeeeee
January 1, 1863 proclamation that declared all enslaved people in areas still in rebellion “forever free.” While stopping short of abolishing slavery outright, the Emancipation Proclamation was, nonetheless, seen by both black people and white abolitionists as a great victory. Significance: added a sufficient force to the Union cause and strengthened the Union both politically and militarily.
Enrollment Act
March 1863 Union draft law that provided for draftees to be selected by an impartial lottery. A loophole in the law allowing wealthy Americans to escape service by paying $300 or hiring a substitute created widespread resentment. Significance: it was when military draft was required for all male citizens and applicants for citizenship between 20 and 35 and unmarried men.
martial law
(Korea rn)
suspension of standard law in which the military takes over the normal operation of the government. Significance: it’s when the military commander of an area or country has the unlimited authority to make and enforce laws when the president allows it.
Copperheads
*Democratic Party in the union
*Didn’t like the civil war WAR
Northern Democrats who did not support the Union war effort. Such Democrats enjoyed considerable support in eastern cities and parts of the Midwest. Significance: Democratic Party in the Union didn’t agree with the American Civil War and wanted an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates.
What advantages and disadvantages did each side have at the onset of the Civil War?
*union =cool stuff like gold
* north=larger population
*confederacy= economy based on agriculture
The Union had an industrial economy of coal, iron, gold, and an advanced rail system. The North had a larger population than the South, and the Confederacy had an economy based on agriculture.
What events lead to the Emancipation Proclamation?
Antietam Sharpsverg
The event that led to the Emancipation Proclamation was the Battle of Antietam (also known as Sharpsburg).
Battle of Gettysburg
*turns the tide
*Civil wars turning point
*worst one
July 1863 battle that helped turn the tide for the Union in the Civil War. The Union victory at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, combined with a victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi the same month, eliminated the threat of European intervention in the war and positioned the Union to push farther into the South. Significance: It’s considered the Civil Wars tuning point and it involved the largest number of victims of the Civil War.
Gettysburg Address
speech given by President Lincoln to inaugurate the federal cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania in November 1863. In this speech, Lincoln expressed his belief that the war was a struggle for a “new birth of freedom.” Significance: It brought a lot of people to side with Lincoln and it gave a meaning to the sacrifice of all the men who died in the Battle of Gettysburg.
total war
*totally into it, proposed by Ulysses
The strategy promoted by General Ulysses S. Grant in which Union forces destroyed civilian crops, livestock, fields, and property to undermine Confederate morale and supply chains. Significance: it was a war fought without any restrictions attacking anyone specifically or weapons
Sherman’s March to the Sea
*broke the confederacy’s and South’s ability to fight
Total war tactics employed by General William Tecumseh Sherman to capture Atlanta and huge swaths of Georgia and the Carolinas, devastating this crucial region of the Confederacy in 1864. Significance: it was when Sherman finally broke the Confederacy’s ability to fight and the South’s.
Thirteenth Amendment
Abolished Slavery
The 1865 ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment was a transformative moment in American history. The first Section’s declaration that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist” had the immediate and powerful effect of abolishing chattel slavery in the southern United States. Significance:abolished slavery in all states and territories in the United States.
What factors contributed to northern victories after 1863?
- just better stuff yk like transportation meaning railroads, of. When they got the Mississippi River
The factors that contributed to northern victories after 1863 was the high industry, larger population, better transportation networks, a powerful navy, and the capture of the Mississippi River at Vicksburg.
1.The reasoning in the case is most similar to which prior Supreme Court precedent?
A) The power to determine the meaning of the Constitution established in Marbury v. Madison (1803)
- The Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford most directly contradicted the provisions of the
A) Missouri Compromise (1820).
- The Supreme Court’s decision led to
C. deepening divisions between the North and South.
- Which of the following most directly changed the legal status of African Americans established by the Supreme Court’s Dred Scott v. Sandford decision?
C) 14 Admendment
5.This passage best serves as evidence of which of the following?
A) The mobilization of economy and society to wage the Civil War
6.The issues brought up in the passage were primarily a result of which of the following?
D) Differing forms of government between the North and the South
- This passage was most likely written in response to the
A) considerable home front opposition faced by the Confederacy to waging the war.
- Which of the following events most directly contradicts Lincoln’s views expressed in this passage?
B) The Copperhead Democrats’ plan to negotiate a peace with the Confederacy
- Based upon the excerpt, Lincoln would most likely support
D) 13 Admendment
- The black codes emerged most directly from the context of which of the following?
C. The rise of democratic beliefs that influenced moral and social reforms
- Which of the following groups of the period would have most directly opposed the creation of the black codes?
A) Radical Republicans
What role did African Americans and American Indians play in the defeat of the Confederacy?
large number of African Americans fought as soldiers in the Union army, and they scouted, labored, etc. The American Indians, mostly from the Five Civilized Tribes, fought with the Confederacy, guiding them due to their knowledge around the landmark.
Freedmen’s Bureau
- Federal agency
*establish land, schools, locate family members, and it provided assistance to a wide variety of enslaved people.
Federal agency created in 1865 to provide freedpeople with economic and legal resources. The Freedmen’s Bureau played an active role in shaping black life in the postwar South. Significance: it helped establish land, schools, locate family members, and it provided assistance to a wide variety of enslaved people.
Radical Republicans
- PEOPLE WHO WNATED SLAVES TO BE FREEE
Republican politicians who actively supported abolition prior to the Civil War and sought tighter controls over the South in the aftermath of the war. Significance: they committed to securing civil rights for slaves and making sure that they have the same rights as everyone else.
black codes
*codes for black
*it stopped the right for African American to have a business, own property, move, or buy new land.
Racial laws passed by southern legislatures in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War that aimed to keep freedpeople in a condition as close to slavery as possible. Significance: it stopped the right for African American to have a business, own property, move, or buy new land.
Fourteenth Amendment
Amendment to the Constitution defining citizenship and protecting individual civil and political rights from abridgment by the states. Adopted during Reconstruction, the Fourteenth Amendment overturned the Dred Scott decision. Significance: it officially gave citizenship and equal rights to all types of African Americans that lived in the US.
Reconstruction
*gave more authority to the federal gov. After civil war and so the Admendments 13,14,15
*Southern states to reapply to the Union
Period from 1865 to 1877, during which the eleven ex-Confederate states were subject to federal legislative and constitutional efforts to remake their societies as they were readmitted to the Union. Significance: a drastic change in the US which expanded the franchise, changed the relationship with the federal government and the governments of the states, and the economic and political democracy.
Military Reconstruction Acts
Divided southern states into military districts.
1867 acts dividing Southern states into military districts and requiring those states to grant black male suffrage. Significance: it was to have an organized way to enforce laws while the southern states were readmitted in the Union.
Fifteenth Amendment
*right to vote for all male citizens no matter their color
Amendment to the Constitution prohibiting the abridgment of a citizen’s right to vote on the basis of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” From the 1870s on, southern states devised numerous strategies for circumventing the Fifteenth Amendment. Significance: gave the right to African American men to vote.
What historical developments best explain President Lincoln’s plans for Reconstruction?
*10% plan
*Emancipation Proclamation
President Lincoln’s Reconstruction plans were mostly his own belief that the Confederate states never officially left the Union, leading to a focus onto that reintegration with a bit of punishment, as seen in his “Ten Percent Plan” which allowed states to rejoin the Union once 10% of their pre-war voters pledged loyalty, all while aiming to preserve the Union as the primary goal and gradually abolishing slavery through the Emancipation Proclamation as a key step towards reconciliation; this approach was also influenced by his desire to avoid harsh reprisals against the South to facilitate a quicker healing process after the Civil War.
To what extent did Reconstruction change the lives of African Americans in the South?
The Reconstruction changed the lives of African Americans in the South by granting them freedom, citizenship, voting rights, and access to education.
scalawags:
A political candidate who seeks election in an area where they have no local connections. Rascal
Derogatory term for white Southerners who supported Reconstruction. Significance: these people were the ones who joined black freedmen and so-called carpetbaggers in support of the Republican Party.
carpetbaggers
White Northerne come to the south and try to bag some extra cash
Derogatory term for white Northerners who moved to the South in the years following the Civil War. Many white Southerners believed such migrants were intent on exploiting their suffering. Significance: it was used to label annoying Northerners who came to the Southern states after the Civil War to try to make more money or new businesses.
sharecropping
The literal word
system that emerged as the dominant mode of agricultural production in the South in the years after the Civil War. Under the sharecropping system, sharecroppers received tools and supplies from landowners in exchange for a share of the eventual harvest. Significance: this system granted place to live for the poor farmers who were trying to find a place to live in, in exchange for working for the owners.
Exodusters
Bye suckers
Busters
SOUTH TO *KANSAS SLAVES
African Americans who migrated from the South to Kansas in 1879 seeking land, economic opportunity, and a better way of life. Significance: caused a bunch of African Americans to leave the the South in order to escape from horrendous events that wa occurring between the White people.
Redeemers
*white DEMOCRATS tried to redeem power but failed SUCKERS
White, conservative Democrats who challenged and overthrew Republican rule in the South during Reconstruction. Significance: they tried to regain political power and bring back white supremacy.
Force Acts
*created to put a stop to the torture and harassment of blacks by whites, especially by hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan
Three acts passed by Congress in 1870 and 1871 in response to vigilante attacks on southern black people. The acts were designed to protect black political rights and end violence by the Ku Klux Klan and similar organizations. Significance: allowed punishments to whomever interfered with the registration, voting, office holding, or jury service of African Americans.
How did white Southerners fight back against Reconstruction?
The white Southerners fought back by using terrorism as an intimidation tactic.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
- tried to do the 14th admendment but didn’t work
Act extending “full and equal treatment” for all races in public accommodations, including jury service and public transportation. However, in 1883, the Supreme Court ruled the act was unconstitutional. Significance: it tried to protect the civil and legal rights of US citizens.
compromise of 1877
- end of reconstruction era
- compromise between republicans and southern democrats
Compromise between Republicans and southern Democrats that resulted in the election of Rutherford B. Hayes. Southern Democrats agreed to support Hayes in the disputed presidential election in exchange for his promise to end Reconstruction. Significance: Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana became democratic once again, which led to end of Reconstruction.
To what extent was southern society changed by Reconstruction?
Southern society changed by serving an expanded citizen, reconstructing governments, established the South’s first state-funded public school systems, strengthened the power of plantation laborers, made taxation more suitable, and stopped racial discrimination in public transportation and accommodations.
Homestead Act of 1862
(160 acres of government land)
A law that allowed citizens and intended citizens to claim 160 acres of government land.
Robert E. Lee
- confederate general in civil war
- lost cause
Civil War Military leader
Symbol of American South
Whig
Ulysses S. Grant
Civil War Victory
Surrendered to Robert
18th President
Established Yellowstone
Supported 15th admendment
11th President
Democratic
James Knox Polk
