APS 4

Question 1

Civil Rights

Answer 1

Rights that (1) enable individuals to engage in activities central to citizenship or legal immigrant status, such as voting or petitioning the government; (2) ensure all individuals receive due process and equal treatment under the law; or (3) guarantee freedom from discriminatory actions by others that seek to deny an individual’s full status as an equal member of society.

Question 2

Civil Liberties

Answer 2

Freedoms protected from interference by the government, such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion.

Question 3

civil rights movement

Answer 3

A social movement of the 1950s and 1960s focused primarily on the situation of African Americans, but also promoting the goals that all people be treated as equals under the law and that discrimination based on race, religion, ethnicity, gender, and place of origin be eliminated.

Question 4

due process

Answer 4

The right to legal protections against arbitrary deprivation of life, liberty, or property.

Question 5

equal protection

Answer 5

The principle that laws passed and enforced by the states must apply fairly to all individuals.

Question 6

incorporation

Answer 6

The process by which rights and liberties established by the Bill of Rights are applied to state and local governments through the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 7

strict scrutiny

Answer 7

The highest-level standard used by the Supreme Court to determine whether a law is compatible with the Constitution. A law subject to this standard is considered unconstitutional unless it advances a “compelling state interest” and represents the least intrusive means.

Question 8

rational basis test

Answer 8

The lowest-level standard used by the Supreme Court to determine whether a law is compatible with the Constitution. A law subject to this standard is assumed to be constitutional as long as its goals are clearly linked to its means.

Question 9

intermediate scrutiny

Answer 9

An intermediate standard used by the Supreme Court to determine whether a law is compatible with the Constitution. A law subject to this standard is considered constitutional if it advances “an important government objective” and is “substantially related” to the objective.

Question 10

affirmative action

Answer 10

Efforts to redress previous discrimination against women and minorities through active measures to promote their employment and educational opportunities.fa