Approcahes Key Words

Question 1

Introspection

Answer 1

The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures, thoughts and sensations

Question 2

What are the 4 goals of psychology

Answer 2

Description - tells up “what” occurred

Explanation - tell us “why” a behaviour or a mental process occurs

Prediction - identifies conditions under which a future behaviour or mental process is likely to occur

Change - Applies psychology knowledge to prevent unwanted behaviour and bring about desired change

Question 3

Behaviouralism

Answer 3

Is primarily concerned with observable behaviour. the belief that behaviour is a s a result of a stimulus (response). All behaviour is learnt from the environment

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

The idea that associations can be learnt to cause a specific reaction. E.g. pavlov’s do experiment

Question 5

Positive reinforcement

Answer 5

Increases the likely hood of response occurring because it involves a reward for behaviour

Question 6

Negative conditioning

Answer 6

Something bad happens until you do the desired action. E.g. car beeps until you put the seatbelt on

Increases likelihood of a response occurring heavies it involves removal of, or escaping from unpleasant consequences

Question 7

Punishment

Answer 7

The consequence is receiving something unpleasant which decreases the probability of the behaviour being repeated. (E.g. the behaviour leads to an electric shock or a smack)

Question 8

Operant conditioning

Answer 8

• positive reinforcement
• negative conditioning
• punishment

Question 9

Social learning theory

Answer 9

Bandura
A way of explaining the behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combined learning theory it’s the role of cognitive factors.

Question 10

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 10

We learn through modelling - modelling involves learning through the observation of other people (models), which may not lead to imitation of behaviour

Only if behaviour is seen to be rewarded

Question 11

Mediational processes

The four conditions for social learning

Answer 11

1 - Attention - the extent to which we notice certain behaviours

2 - Retention - the individual remembers what they have observed

3 - Motor reproduction - the individual replicated behaviour shown by the model

4 - Motivation - the individual seeks to demonstrate the behaviour that they have observed

Question 12

Live models

Answer 12

Physically present in our environment e.g. mother, teacher, pop star etc

Question 13

Symbolic modelling

Answer 13

People in films, books

Considered to have a greater effect on cultures where media is widely available

Question 14

Monozygotic

Answer 14

One zygote

Formed when a fertilised cell splits into two and forms separate embryos

Question 15

Dizygotic

Answer 15

Two zygotes

These twins are formed when two separate eggs both become fertilised by different sperm cells

Question 16

Two main concepts of the Darwin theory of evolution

Answer 16

• Natural selection

- sexual selection

Question 17

The principle of diversity

Answer 17

• the variety within a species

Question 18

The principle of interaction

Answer 18

• how the variety of species adapt to fit in with the environment
  E.g. animals that breath air will not be able to live permanently under water

Question 19

The principle of differential amplification

Answer 19

• those who adapt to their environment will reproduce and those who do not will die out.

Question 20

What part of the brain controls homeostasis

Answer 20

Hypothalamus

Question 21

What part of the brain regulates emotion and processes memory

Answer 21

Hippocampus

Question 22

What part of the brain controls behaviour and personality

Answer 22

The Frontal Lobe

Question 23

What part of the brain processes emotion

Answer 23

Amygdala

Question 24

What part of the brain controls the production and realising of hormones

Answer 24

Pituarity Gland

Question 25

What part of the brain controls involuntary responses, breathing and heart rate

Answer 25

Medulla Oblongata

Question 26

What part of the brain controls co ordination and balance

Answer 26

Cerebellum

Question 27

What part of the brain controls cognitive performance and motor activity

Answer 27

Corpus Collosum

Question 28

What is a Schema

Answer 28

A ‘package’ of ideas and information developed through experience. Helps your organise and interpret information and experiences.

• when information is inconsistent with the schema accommodation occurs and the schema has to change in order to resolve the problem.

Question 29

Idiographic

Answer 29

When you do not generalise groups of people and do not separate the population into clusters that share the Sam characteristic such as age or gender.

Question 30

Name the three selves in Carl Roger’s theory of person centred therapy

Answer 30

• The self-concept
• The ideal self
• The real self

Question 31

What is congruent in Roger’s theory of person centred therapy

Answer 31

You must have an equal/balanced amount of the three selves to reach self actualisation.
You must also have true unconditional love to be congruent

Question 32

Client centred therapy

Answer 32

• form of psychotherapy
• clients are the expert of their own condition
• warm supportive, non judgemental

Question 33

Gibbard and Hanley

Answer 33

Humanistic approach

• studied the impact of person centred therapy on a group of people suffering from anxiety and depression
• 700 people over 5 years
• questionnaires was used before and after therapy to measure their condition
• 70% showed significant improvement on their mental health

Question 34

Name the three parts of the personality according to Freud

Answer 34

The Id

The Ego

The Superego

Question 35

Describe the Id

Answer 35

• primitive part of our personality
• a mass of unconscious, drives and instincts
• operates on the pleasure principle
• only the Id is present at birth

Question 36

Describe the Ego

Answer 36

• develops around 2 years old
• makes a person aware of others feelings
• works on reality principle and is the mediator between the Id and Superego
• it manages it by using defence mechanisms

Question 37

Describe the Superego

Answer 37

• formed at age of 5 years
• it is an internalised sense of right and wrong
• represents the moral standards of the child’s same sex parent
• punishes the ego for wrong doing (though guilt)

Question 38

Name the 5 psychosexual stages

Answer 38

• The oral stage
• The anal stage
• the phallic stage
• The latency stage
• The genital stage

Question 39

Name the three defence mechanisms

Answer 39

• denial - you completely reject the thought or feeling and refuse to acknowledge it
• Repression - forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind. The ego stops unwanted and painful thoughts from becoming conscious
• Displacement - you transfer feelings from true sources of distressing emotion onto a substitute target.

Question 40

Determinism

Answer 40

That behaviour is pre determined.
We have no free will as behaviour is cased by the brain ( in the biological approach) or through conditioning (the Behaviourism approach)

Question 41

Reductionism

Answer 41

• the belief that human behavior can be explained by breaking it down into smaller component parts
• The experimental and laboratory approach in various areas of psychology (e.g. Behaviorism, biological, cognitive) reflects a reductionist position.