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Y12 - Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 5 approaches

A
  • Behaviouralism
  • Social learning theory
  • biological
  • cognitive
  • psychodynamic
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2
Q

Name examples of psychologists for behaviourism

A

Pavlov - classical conditioning
Skinner - operant conditioning
Watson - Little Albert

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3
Q

Name examples of psychologists for social learning theory

A

Bandura - Bobo doll

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4
Q

Name examples of psychologists for cognitive

A

Bartlett - schemas

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5
Q

Name examples of psychologists for the psychodynamic approach

A

Freud - conscious + unconscious, psychosexual stages, defence mechanisms

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6
Q

Name the assumptions of the Behaviourism approach

A
  • we are born a blank slate
  • free will is an illusion
  • everything is learnt
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7
Q

Name the assumptions of the Social learning theory

A
  • behaviour can be learnt

- memory perception (cog)

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8
Q

Name the assumptions of the Biological approach

A
  • everything psychological is at first biological
  • investigates how biological structures and processes within the body impact behaviour
  • human behaviour has a physiological Cayuse that can be altered by genetics o the environment
  • psychologists should study the brain, nervous system and other biological systems
  • the mind lives in the brain
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9
Q

Name the assumptions of the cognitive approach

A
  • our mental systems have a limited capacity. The amount of information that can be processed will be influenced by how demanding the task is and how much other information is processed
  • A control mechanism oversees all mental processes, this will require more processing power for new tasks, leaving less available for anything else
  • There is two way flow of information we take in information from the world, process it and react to it. We also use our knowledge and experiments to understand the world
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10
Q

Name the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach

A
  • States that unconscious forces in our mind, determine our thoughts feelings and behaviour
  • Our behaviour as adults is strongly influences by our childhood experiences
  • Abnormal behaviour is the result of mental conflict
  • The mind can be divided into three levels of consciousness.The unconscious mind which is hidden below the surface, has the most influence on our personality
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11
Q

Positive evaluation of the behaviourist approach

A

+ scientific - the experiments are done in a lab

+ real life application - token economy,

+ successful in treating phobias - little Albert

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12
Q

negative evaluation of the behaviourist approach

A
  • we cannot compare humans and animals. Animals are seen as passive and machine like responders to their environment.
  • lacks ecological validity - only used lab experiments
  • Determinism
  • reductionist
  • ethics animals
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13
Q

Positive evaluation of the social learning theory

A
  • Akers - the probability of someone engaging in criminal activity increases when they are exposed to models who commit crime. They expect positive consequences for criminal behaviour
  • less determined
  • gender- the Bobo doll experiment used boys and girls
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14
Q

Negative evaluation of the social learning theory

A
  • classical nor operant conditioning can offer an adequate account of learning on their own
  • does not take into account individual differences
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15
Q

Positive evaluation of the biological approach

A
  • it is scientific so uses scientific methods e.g. fMRIs, EEGs, twin studies
  • Scientific approach tends credence to study psychology ( makes it more respected as a science )
  • Impact of biology on behaviour can lead to treatment and intervention to those suffering
  • Understanding how the abnormal brain works can shed light on normal brain functioning
  • Measurements can be objective as it can be performed by machines which have no vested interest in the outcome
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16
Q

Negative evaluation of the biological approach

A
  • it is a derterministic approach as it believes that we are determined by our physiological, genetic or evolutionary make up. Thus stating we have no free will
  • Reductionistic by stating that all human behaviour Incan be explained through biological processes and we are therefore not unique as individuals. It is also dehumanising to present humans as biological machines
  • Ignores the role of environment etc it should be used in combination which is known as the biosocial approach
  • Research may focus on rare conditions that have little impact on everyday lives if most people
  • Complex machinery operated by humans so could be subject to human error
  • Correlations frequently employed camp not determine cause and effect
  • Small or restricted samples make findings difficult to generalise
  • Lab experiments lack ecological validity
  • Cannot separate nature and nurture
17
Q

Positive evaluation of the cognitive approach

A

+ employees highly controlled and rigorous methods of study in order to enable researchers to infer cognitive processes work

+ Lab experiements - reliable, objective data produced

+ Biology and cognitive psychology now work together

+ Credible scientific basis

18
Q

Negative evaluation of the cognitive approach

A
  • Ignored the influence of human emotion and motivation on the cognitive system and how this may affect our ability to process information
  • Human have an unreliable and unlimited memory - computers have a limit but it is reliable
  • Humans have free will (some argue against this)
19
Q

Positive evaluation of the psychodynamic approach

A
  • Explanatory Power
  • Freud had huge influence on psychology

+ Practical Application
+psycholoanalysis - range of techniques used to access the +unconscious
+Dream analysis and hypnosis
+Useful therapeutic tool for neurosis

20
Q

Negative evaluation of the psychodynamic approach

A
  • The case study method
    • Can we make universal climates about human nature based on studies about individuals with psychological
    • abnormalities
    • Highly subjective
    • Lack of scientific rigour
  • Untestable concepts
    • Karl popper argues that the psychodynamic approach does not meet the scientific criterion of falsification as it is not open to empirical testing and the possibility of disproval
    • The unconscious is difficult to test
    • Pseudoscience
  • Psychic determinism - the unconscious forces drive our behaviour
    no such thing as an accident
    • Slips of the tongue is driven by unconscious forces and has deep symbolic meaning
    • Free will is an illusion - conflict from childhood

Gender Bias

- femininity was failed masculinity and we can never believe that the 2 sexes are equal in position or worth 
- Horney broke away from Freudian theory and criticised the approach 
- Dismissing women and their sexuality in such a way is problematic because psychoanalysis is still influential today and many female patients are treated by it.
- With such clear bias it is inappropriate for the approach to be applied to both sexes.

Y12 - Psychology (18 decks)

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