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Psychology > Approaches To Psychology > Flashcards

Approaches To Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning through association when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together

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2
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning through reinforcement where behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences

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3
Q

Behaviourism

A

The theory that human and animal behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without considering thoughts or feelings

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4
Q

Learning

A

A relatively lasting change in behaviour that is the result of experience

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5
Q

Punishment

A

Receiving something unpleasant when a behaviour is performed which decreases the chance that the behaviour is repeated

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6
Q

Response

A

The reaction to a specific stimulus eg salivating when you see food

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7
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything in the environment detectable by the senses. E.g. sound smell etc

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8
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour and the consequences of their actions

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9
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

The study of how the brain enables the mind

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10
Q

Computer models

A

Software stimulations of internal mental processes created in collaboration with computer scientists

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11
Q

Inference

A

Process of drawing conclusions about general patterns of behaviour

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12
Q

Internal mental processes

A

The operations both conscious and unconscious that occur during thinking e.g. perception and memory

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13
Q

Mediating cognitive factors

A

Internal mental processes that lie between the stimulus and the response

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14
Q

Objective

A

Not influenced by private emotions, perceptions or biases

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15
Q

Schemas

A

Mental frameworks of information that we use to organise past experiences and to interpret and respond to new situations

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16
Q

Subjective

A

Affected by personal feelings, prejudices and interpretations

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17
Q

Theoretical models

A

Diagrammatic representations of the steps involved in internal mental processes e.g. the information-processing model

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18
Q

Holism

A

Can’t break down into simpler parts. Studies context and complexity of human behaviour

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19
Q

Reductionism

A

Isolate and study individual components of behaviour in isolation

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20
Q

Nomothetic

A

Generalised. Find laws and principles that can be applied to large groups

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21
Q

Idiographic

A

Individual. All about unique context. Uses case studies, interviews etc

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22
Q

Identification

A

Associating with a role model and adopting their behaviour because you want to be like them

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23
Q

Imitation

A

Copying or reproducing behaviour that has been learned through observation

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24
Q

Information processing model

A

The idea that information flows through the cognitive system in a sequence of stages

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25
Q

Modelling

A

Imitating a role model or producing a specific behaviour that may then be imitated by the observer

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26
Q

Mediational process

A

Mental cognitive factors that intervene in the learning process to determine whether a new behaviour is acquired or not

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27
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Avoiding or removing something unpleasant when a behaviour is performed that increases the chance of that behaviour being repeated

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28
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Receiving something pleasant when a behaviour is performed that increases the chance the behaviour is repeated

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29
Q

Social learning theory

A

The view that people learn through observing others

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30
Q

ACTH

A

A hormone released by the pituitary gland. Stimulates the adrenal glands to release adrenaline into the bloodstream

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31
Q

Action potential

A

A spiking electric charge in an axon caused by sodium ions crossing the cell membrane

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32
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Small glands on top of each kidney that produce hormones such as adrenal and cortisol

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33
Q

Adrenaline

A

Key hormone in the stress response that is produced by the adrenal glands and increases heart rate, breathing, etc

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34
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Subdivision of peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary responses like breathing and heart rate

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35
Q

Axon

A

A single long slender fibre that carries the nerve impulse away from the cell body

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36
Q

Axon terminal

A

The very end of the axon that contains neurotransmitters and makes synaptic contact with the next neuron in the train

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37
Q

Central nervous system

A

Subsist with the nervous system that consist of the brain and spinal cord

38
Q

Chromosome

A

Hold the genetic material that is passed between parents and offspring. Humans have 23 pairs

39
Q

Concordance rate

A

The extent to which both twins share the same characteristic

40
Q

Dendrites

A

Rootlike structures protruding from the cell body that receives signals from other neurons

41
Q

DZ twins

A

No identical twins who share 50% of their genes

42
Q

Endocrine system

A

A collection of organs that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

43
Q

Evolution

A

Gradual changes in an inherited characteristic of a species over many generations

44
Q

Excitation

A

Occurs when a link between a neurotransmitter and receptor site in a sign that makes the receptor site sound more likely to act

45
Q

Fight or flight response

A

The way an animal (including humans) responds to stress as it becomes physiologically aroused to fight an aggressor or to run away

46
Q

Genotype

A

A genetic makeup that is coded in their chromosomes and fixed at conception

47
Q

Hormones

A

Biochemical substances that circulate in the bloodstream in order to target specific organs

48
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system. Releases hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland

49
Q

Inhibition

A

Occurs when a link between a neurotransmitter and receptor site in a synapse makes the receptor sites cell less likely to act

50
Q

Motor neuron

A

Carry signals from the central nervous system to internal organs and muscles

51
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A fatty layer that protects the exon and speeds up the electrical transmitters of the nerve impulse

52
Q

NZ twins

A

Identical twins who share 100% of their genes

53
Q

Natural selection

A

The way that any genetically determined behaviour that enhances the ability to survive and reproduce will continue in future generations

54
Q

Nervous system

A

Bodily system consisting of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system that provides rapid responses to stimuli

55
Q

Neuron

A

Cells within the nervous system that process and transmit messages

56
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemicals that transfer signals from one neuron to another across the synapses that lie between them

57
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that controls the ‘rest and digest’ response

58
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Sub-system of the nervous system in the transmit messages from the body to the central nervous system and back again

59
Q

Phenotype

A

The expression of a persons genetic makeup that can be influenced by the environment

60
Q

Pituitary gland

A

This is located in the brain and considered the ‘master gland’. It controls the release of hormones from other glands.

61
Q

Postsynaptic receptor sites

A

In the dendrites of the receiving neuron, they take up the neurotransmitter once it has crossed the synaptic gap

62
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

The way in person is influenced by their environment, but also influences their environment

63
Q

Relay neuron

A

Carries signals between sensory and motor neurons or connects to other relay neurons within the central nervous system

64
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Carry signals from the senses to the central nervous system

65
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that controls muscle movement and receives information from the sensory receptors

66
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic system that controls our flight or flight response

67
Q

Synapse

A

The tiny gap between one neuron and the next

68
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

The way that signals between neurons are transmitted chemically across the synaptic gap

69
Q

Twin study

A

Used to determine the likelihood that certain traits have a genetic basis by comparing concordance rates between pairs of twins

70
Q

Defence mechanism

A

Any of a group of mental processes that enables the mind to reach compromise solutions to conflict that is unable to resolve

71
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality to avoid anxiety

72
Q

Displacement

A

Transferring feelings from the true source of this stress and motion to a substitute target. “ Taking feelings out” on a less threatening or helpless object or person

73
Q

Id

A

The impulsive and unconscious half of our psyche that responds directly and immediately to basic urges needs and desires. The personality of the newborn child is all Id

74
Q

Ego

A

What the person is aware of when they think about themselves and what they usually try to object towards others

75
Q

Superego

A

Incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others.

76
Q

Repression

A

Unconsciously forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind, including unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts or impulses

77
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital

78
Q

Oral

A

The first stage of Sigmund Freud‘s theory of psychosexual development occurring from birth until 18 months old during the oral stage of babies libido ordinate pleasure seeking energy is focused on the mouth

79
Q

Anal

A

Second stage of psychosexual development between the ages of 18 months and three years. the libido becomes focused on the anus and the child derives great pleasure from defecating.

80
Q

Phallic

A

Third phase of psychosexual development spans ages 3 to 6. Marked by the child’s libido, focusing on their genitals as the primary source of pleasure

81
Q

Oedipus complex

A

The fear of retaliation from the father eventually leads to the boy to repress incestuous desires and identify with the father adopting his characteristics and values

82
Q

Electric complex

A

During the phallic stage of psychosexual development, a girl unconsciously cultivates a sexual attraction towards her father viewing her mother as a competitor. Attempts to identify with her father but realises she lacks a penis leading to penis MV and a subsequent wish to be male

83
Q

Latency

A

Fourth stage of psychosexual development spanning six years to puberty. Libido is dormant in this stage and no further psychosexual development occurs (latent means hidden)

84
Q

Genital

A

Final stage of development, begins with the onset of puberty, the person seeks ways of satisfying sexual impulses in heterosexual relationships

85
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

States that events in our childhood have a significant influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality.

86
Q

Congruence

A

A state in which a persons ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar

87
Q

Free will

A

The idea that we can play an active role and have a choice in how we behave

88
Q

Humanistic approach

A

A perspective that emphasises looking at the whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self efficacy and self actualisation

89
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Respectively; self actualisation, esteem needs, belongingness and love needs, safety needs, physiological needs

90
Q

Self actualisation

A

The desire to grow psychologically, and fulfill one’s potential

Psychology (3 decks)

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