Approaches to health promotion and models of health behaviour Flashcards
What are the five approaches to health promotion?
Medical, behavioural, educational, client centred, societal change
What is the medical (preventive) approach?
- Freedom from medically defined disease and disability.
- Promotion of medical intervention to prevent or ameliorate ill health.
- Patient compliance with preventive medical procedures.
- Top down authoritative down styles
- Not addressing underlying causes of the disease
- Screening, F and FS
What is the behavioural approach?
Individual behaviour conducive to freedom from disease.
Attitude and behaviour change to encourage adoption of ‘healthier’ lifestyle - individuals responsibility
Healthy lifestyle as defined by health promoter
Expert led, changes are normatively defined, imposed on the patient
Assumption - health education will lead to sustained change
Victim blaming
OHI, advice, smoking cessation aim at changing behaviours
What is the educational approach?
Individuals with knowledge and understanding enabling well informed decisions to be made and acted upon
Exploration of values and attitudes
Advice, info, support
Right of free choice
Largely expert led, ignore factors/determinants/barriers to change
Example - school based oral health educational programmes
What is the client centred approach?
- Working with clients on the clients own term
- Client identifies problems
- Sets the agenda and priorities
- Self empowerment of clients
- Help develop confidence and skills to address issues
- Bottom up
- Individual or population levels
- Examples - counselling, self help groups, community development initiatives
What is the societal change approach?
-Acknowledges physical and socio economic and environmental factors
-Enables choice of healthier lifestyle
-Requires change in policy, policies, political support and social action to change the environment
-Influencing policy makers
-Many health professionals are uncomfortable working in the political climate
Examples - social movement, changing social norms, changing the environment
What is the settings approach?
- Focus at key settings that are most influential to health
- Based on the principles of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
- Evidence based
Examples of settings approach
Healthy cities, health promoting schools, hospitals, workplace, dental practices
Healthy policies, supportive environments, trained staff, health promotion services, on going evidence based improvements for better services, appropriate facilities, community collaboration, health education, personal skills, appropriate services.
What is the common risk factor approach?
As a number of diseases share common risk factors this approach offers the potential for effectively dealing with a combination of problems together. More effective and more efficient in use of resources.
What is the multidisciplinary approach?
Health professionals, education, professional bodies, authorities, national and international governments, charities, NGO’s all coming together
What are models of health behaviour based on?
Based on health behaviour theories, understand the decision making process in taking health actions and help explain and predict health behaviours of individuals
What is the health belief model?
Becker and Maiman
1) Perceived susceptibility
2) Serious consequences perceived
3) Awareness of effectiveness measures
4) Benefits outweigh barriers
What is the health belief model based on?
Decision making theory, a decision to undertake a health action will not be made unless an individual is psychologically ready for it.
The readiness to act will depend on whether the individual feels he/she is susceptible to the disease (eg dental disease) and if the consequences are serious or if visiting the dentist will be beneficial and the benefits must outweigh the barriers and costs associated with going the dentist.
What is the health action model?
Tones
Has three systems: belief system, motivation system and normative system. Along with education, policy and facilitating/inhibiting factors for example a supportive environment, knowledge and skills, a person can make their own health choice that will lead to a health action.
What is the health action model based on?
Encompasses the elements of the health belief model, it emphasises factors that facilitate or inhibit a health decision, normative pressure from a dentist for example, environmental factors like beliefs, attitudes, knowledge and skills to analyse the information. It differs from the health belief model as in addition to those inhibiting and facilitating factors, it acknowledges the powerful drive factors that may overwhelm competing values and attitudes in determining health outcomes.
