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psychology A level > approaches ( psychodynamic + humanistic) > Flashcards

approaches ( psychodynamic + humanistic) Flashcards

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1
Q

AO1 - introduction and assumptions

psychodynamic

A
  • There are 3 levels of consciousness: The conscious, preconscious and unconscious.
  • unconscious activity is the key determinate oh how we behave
  • we possess innate ‘drives’/’instincts’ that energize our minds to motivate behaviour as we develop through our lives
  • childhood experiences have significant importance in determining our personality when we reach adulthood
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2
Q

what is Freud’s Tripartite Personality

A

Freud viewed the personality as made up of three components i.e. ‘tripartite’. These are the Id, ego and superego.

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3
Q

what is the Id

A

This is the innate part of the personality, and operates on the pleasure principle.
Therefore, the Id constantly demands instant gratification (e.g. to fulfill innate,
biological instincts, such as hunger and thirst) and so is in conflict with the superego.

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4
Q

what is the Id

A

This is the innate part of the personality, and operates on the pleasure principle.
Therefore, the Id constantly demands instant gratification (e.g. to fulfill innate, biological instincts, such as hunger and thirst) and so is in conflict with the superego.

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5
Q

what is the ego

A

Formed during the first 3 years of life, and operates on the reality principle. Helps to resolve the conflict between the id and the superego through the use of
defence mechanisms (repression, denial and displacement). The strength of the
unconscious depends upon how efficiently the ego resolves this conflict.

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6
Q

what is the superego

A

Formed at the end of the phallic stage, and operates on the morality
principle. This contains the child’s internalised sense of right and wrong, based upon
their same-sex parent. The superego is in constant conflict with the Id.

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7
Q

what is the conscious part of the mind - freud

A

contains all of the thoughts, memories, feelings, and wishes of which we are aware at any given moment. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally. This also includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily and brought into awareness.

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8
Q

what is the preconscious part of the mind - freud

A

consists of anything that could potentially be brought into the conscious mind. eg dream states

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9
Q

what is the unconscious part of the mind - freud

A

is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness. The unconscious contains contents that are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict

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10
Q

what is Freuds psychosexual stage of development

A
  • he suggests that sexual energy is present right from birth, unconscious desires which kids are not aware of
  • different parts of the body become more sensitive as we grow, erogenous zones
  • 5 stages and each stage our libido (sexual energy) is focused on something different
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11
Q

what are the 5 stages of psychosexual development

A 
old age pensioners love Guinness
oral stage 0-1 
Anal stage 1-3 
Phallic stage 3-6 
latency 6yrs to puberty 
genital stage puberty- maturity
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12
Q

what occurs in stage one of the psychosexual development

A

oral stage (0-1 year)
mouth is focus of pleasurable experiences /organ of pleasure
freud argues that this person could be stuck at this stage if they are under or over fed as a baby

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13
Q

what occurs at the second stage of the psychosexual dvelopment

A

Anal stage (1-3 years)
organ of pleasure is now the anus- the child gets pleasure from retention or expulsion of faeces
stage ego develops
too strict or lax potty training can result in anally retentive or anally expulsive

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14
Q

what occurs at the phallic stage

A

3-6 years
organ of pleasure is now the genitals, child becomes fully aware of gender differences
becomes obsessed with own genitals
freud, most important + where Oedipus complex occurs

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15
Q

what occurs at the latency stage

A

6years to puberty
sexual desires remain dormant
children want nothing to do with opposite sex, as social and intellectual development occurs

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16
Q

what occurs at the genital stage

A

puberty - maturity
marks the beginning of mature adult sexuality
id makes demands in the form of heterosexual desires
the opposite sex is now needed to satisfy the libido

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17
Q

what is the Oedipus complex

A

The Oedipus complex is a theory of Sigmund Freud, and occurs during the Phallic stage of psychosexual development.
It involves a boy, aged between 3 and 6, becoming unconsciously sexually attached to his mother, and hostile towards his father (who he views as a rival).
when they fear that there fathers will castrate them they stop - castration anxiety

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18
Q

summary of stage 1 of the psychosexual stages of development

A

stage - oral
age - 0-1
focus of libido - mouth tongue lips
major development - weaning off breast or formula
adult fixation example - smoking, overeating

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19
Q

summary of stage 1 of the psychosexual stages of development

A

stage = oral
age = 0-1
pleasure centre = the mouth
possible cause of fixation = early weaning + deprivation of food
possible = smoking sarcasm, biting nails, smoking

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20
Q

summary of stage 2 of the psychosexual stages of development

A

stage= Anal
age = 1-3
pleasure centre = the anus
possible cause of fixation = harsh toilet training/ lax toilet training
possible fixation = tidiness, obsessiveness, meanness

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21
Q

summary of stage 3 of the psychosexual stages of development

A

stage= phallic
ages = 3- 5 years
pleasure centre = the genital area
possible cause of fixation= very dominant mother, no father figure
possible results = envy, sexual anxiety, self obsession

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22
Q

is little Hans case study good evidence for the Oedipus complex

A

yes, Freud decided Hans secretly wished to replace his father in his mother’s affections. Hans was especially fearful of horses with black around their eyes or mouths, which Freud linked to the glasses and mustache of Hans’s father. In his view, the boy’s phobia was a displaced fear of his father finding out his forbidden desires and punishing him.

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23
Q

is Freuds study on little Hans a scientific way of studying phobias

A

no as it was his own self analysis which meant it was subjective and had a lot of personal bias. This affects the validity of the study

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24
Q

how might a behaviourist explain Hans phobia of horses

A

Through classical conditioning. the horse created a loud bang which scared little hans he then began to associate fear with the horses even though the loud bang wasn’t present

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25
Q

what are the three types of defence mechanisms

A

repression
denial
displacement

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26
Q

what is repression

A

Freud
unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious. Repressed thoughts are those of guilt from superego

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27
Q

example and evaluation of repression

A
  • not successful in long terms
  • although hidden they will create anxiety
  • eg Oedipus complex, aggressive thoughts about same sex parents are repressed
  • eg Tamsin forces memories of a very frightening experience into her unconscious mind
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28
Q

what is Denial

A

Anna fraud
proposed involves blocking external events from awareness. primitive and dangerous defence. operates with its set or commonly with more subtle mechanisms to support

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29
Q

Example of denial

A

eg smokers may refuse to admit to themselves that smoking is bad for their health
eg Lucy a heavy smoker, insists that there is no convincing evidence that smoking impairs health

30
Q

what is displacement

A

redirection of impulse (usually aggression) onto a powerless substitute target forget can be person/object

31
Q

example of displacement

A

eg someone is frustrated by his other superior may go home + kick the dog, beat up a family members
eg peter is angry with his parents so he snaps at his mate at school

32
Q

evaluation of psychodynamic approach

A
  • Unconscious Concepts =Since we are unaware of the unconscious, impossible to objectively measure it this means that to Karl Popper, psychodynamic approach does not meet the scientific criterion of falsification, leaving it unfalsifiable
  • The use of an idiographic approach / Case studies = Oedipus and Electra Complexes, cannot represent the experiences of the general population, lack ecological validity// qualitative data = researcher bias
    *Practical Applications = Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis are both rooted in the
    psychodynamic approach, still have modern uses. Therefore,
    Freud’s psychodynamic approach has made a long-lasting contribution towards
    treatment of various mental disorders, such as depression.
33
Q

what is the outline of humanistic psychology?

A

humanistic psychologists regard personal growth as an essential part of what it is to be human, becoming fulfilled, satisfied and goal-orientated.

34
Q

Determinism vs. Free Will (humanistic )

A

not a deterministic approach, but based on free will: humans are self-determining and have the ability to act on their own desicisions

35
Q

Unique vs. Generalisation (humanistic)

A

the humanistic approach rejects scientific models which attempt to establish general principles of human behaviour. humans are all unique and so psychology should study subjective experience rather than general laws. a person-centred approach

36
Q

what are Maslow’s views in humanistic psychology?

A

All individuals have a heirarchy of needs; ensure survival by satisfying most basic needs and self actualisation is the highest level. there are psychological barriers preventing you from reaching self actualisation. when times are hard, you regress to lower levels and become fixated. however, when you reach self actualisation, you are creative, accepting of
others and have an accurate perception of the world

37
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: 7 stage model

A
  1. self actualisation eg personal growth
  2. aestic needs eg beauty + appreciation
  3. cognitive needs eg solve problems
  4. self esteem needs eg status responsibility
  5. belonging and love needs eg family + affection
  6. safety needs eg stability + protection
  7. physiological needs eg Air + water
38
Q

humanistic assumptions

A

free will
we are all unique so can never generalise the results of a experiment
reject the scientific method

39
Q

Explain why the humanistic approach is incompatible with the scientific method.

A

The scientific method rejects the notion of free will, which is a core belief of humanistic psychology. For instance, the scientific method focuses on obtaining reliable results. However, reliable results are not possible under the assumption of free will, because, if people can choose to behave any way they want, there is no reason to expect them to behave in the same way consistently every time a study is repeated.

Furthermore, the scientific approach assumes that findings from a sample of participants can be generalised to other people, whereas the humanistic approach believes that everyone is unique.

40
Q

Scott worked very hard at university and now he owns a chain of nice restaurants. He eats in them every night, and he lives above one of them. He has decided to take some time out, while someone else runs the restaurants so he can fulfil one of his lifetime dreams, to undertake charity work helping the homeless.

Question 3. Where is Scott placed in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

self actualisation

41
Q

Pandora has always lived at home with her mum, and her mum has taken good care to feed her healthy food and ensure that she exercises regularly. Pandora has always dreamt of joining the SAS. She is physically fit enough to join and she thinks that once she gets there she will be truly happy. However Pandora worries that she isn’t emotionally strong enough, and that she wouldn’t fit in well with the other trainees.

Question 5. Explain why you think Pandora has/has not self-actualised

A

Pandora has not met the psychological need of love and belonging, and therefore has not been able to self-actualise.

42
Q

what is self actualisation according to maslow

A

when we reach our human potential

43
Q

Who is Carl Rogers

A

humanistic psychologist who used counselling to help patients reach their full potential and be happy

44
Q

What is Carl Rogers self theory

A

self concept is what you think of your self

Ideal self is what you would like to be

45
Q

what does congruence mean in terms of rogers theory

A
  • ideal self matches the self concept
  • if a persons selves are not congruent, then people may experience psychological issues like feelings of anxiety, sadness or insecurity
  • if a persons selves are not congruent, then they could benefit from humanistic counselling
46
Q

what is conditions of worth in terms of rogers theory

A

what we need to change about ourselves, in order to have self worth this is why someone’s ideal self will not be congruent with their self concept

47
Q

what is the main feature of humanistic counselling

A
  • unconditional positive regard which removes a clients conditions of worth, allowing them to achieve congruence
48
Q

what is self actualisation according to Rogers

A

reaching congruence of self concept and ideal self

49
Q

what is self actualisation according to maslow

A

fulfilling the highest level of hierarchy of needs, fulfilling our human potential

50
Q

Question 4. According to Rogers, how could Lillian reach self-actualisation?

A

Lillian could receive some humanistic counselling, where she will learn unconditional positive regard for herself, which will increase the congruence between her self-concept and her ideal self.

51
Q

rogers’ view in humanistic psychology? (the self)

A

people have 2 basic needs: positive regard from others and a feeling of self worth.
our self concept and ideal self need to be congruent for psychological health and self worth. experiencing incongruence can be threatening, and widen the gap between self concept/ideal self. this can create confusion and vulnerability and if the gap is too big, we cannot reach self actualisation.

52
Q

rogers’ view in humanistic psychology? (positive regard)

A

parents who set conditions of worth on their children are likely to cause psychological harm in the future. conditions of worth are requirements set an individual has to meet in order to earn positive regard from others. (i.e. ‘I will only love you if….’). an individual may only achieve self acceptance if they meet expectations set set as conditions of worth

53
Q

what should psychology be in order to be a science

A
  • objective

- empirical

54
Q

what is the purpose of the psychology according to the humanistic approach

A

to help people achieve self actualisation, their full human potential

55
Q

Why is free will a strength in the humanistic approach?

A

The concept of free will matches our subjective experience of life. Moreover, assuming free will allows us to improve and achieve self-actualisation, which is a key focus of the humanistic approach.

56
Q

what is a strength of humanistic psychology? (support)

A

Research support for conditions of worth: teenagers who experience conditions of worth are more likely to do things that clash with their own values. Harter et al found that teenagers who were trying to achieve their parents conditions of worth were more likely to develop depression and not like themselves. evidence for Roger’s view of the need for positive regard from others

57
Q

what is a strength of humanistic psychology? (economic)

A

the heirarchy of needs can be linked to economic development. Hagerty looked at the relationship between economic development and Maslow’s needs in 88 countries over 34 years. he found that countries in early stages of economic development are characterised by lower level needs (i.e. physiological and safety) and countries with higher stages of economic development were showing signs of esteem (female emancipation) and self actualisation. (levels of education enrolment)
evidence/support for heirarchy of needs. practical applications

58
Q

what is a limitation of humanistic psychology? (subjective)

A

it does not use scientific methods and so causal conclusions cannot be drawn between needs and later behaviours. produces subjective, unreliable data (i.e. questionaires)

59
Q

what is a limitation of humanistic psychology? (unrealistic)

A

development and personality cannot only be caused by desire for self-actualisation. this is oversimplified and it cannot explain aspects of human behaviour, such as pessimism and self-destruction. Basic and unrealistic. encouraging people to focus on self development rather than situational factors isnt relevent or appropriate in society

60
Q

what is a limitation of humanistic psychology? (cultural)

A

there are cultural differences in the heirarchy of needs. for example, collectivist cultures (such as china) would place love/belonging before physiological needs. Maslow did not acknowledge this and couldn’t explain why. can’t be applied/generalised. Lack of ecological validity

61
Q

what is the client centred therapy

A

client is encouraged to develop positive self regard and overcome the mismatch between their perceived self, true self and ideal self

62
Q

applications of the humanistic approach (strength)

A
  • depression: results from lack of unconditional positive regard and an inability to accept ones self
  • schizophrenia: humanistic therapies cannot directly tackle serious disorders but can be used as a supportive therapies, for relatives
  • aggression: results from people who are not fully functioning at a psychological level. As a result this blocks personal growth and prevents self actualisation. To remove aggression facilitates growth
  • stress: counselling for stressful life events such as divorce and bereavement allows client insight and control
63
Q

Little Bobby has grown a few years older now, and has moved out of the anal stage. Lately, Bobby has been very aggressive with his father, instead preferring to cling onto his mother as much as possible. Bobby is especially angry whenever his mother is focusing more attention on his father, than on him.

Question 4. According to Freud’s understanding of psychosexual development, what has Little Bobby developed?

A

Little Bobby has developed an Oedipus Complex.

As he has aged, Little Bobby has left the anal stage, and is now in the phallic stage. During this stage, a child may become fixated around the penis. For boys, this means they may develop an Oedipus Complex, where they become jealous of the father, and affectionate with the mother.

64
Q

what are psychosexual fixations

A

repressed psychological trauma affects behaviour

65
Q

state the types of psychosexual fixations

A
  • oral fixation will cause an adult to be overly dependent and have habits like smoking and biting nails
  • anally retentive will cause an adult to be neat and organised, and careful with their money
  • anally expulsive will cause an adult to be overly overly emotional likely very angry
  • a phallic fixation will cause and adult to be jealous and or anxious
66
Q

limitations of little hans

A
  • case study so results may not generalise to other kids
  • not based on objective empirical evidence as little Hans dad used self report method and sent to frued
  • didn’t test cause and effect as it was case study
67
Q

what is said about the latent stage

A

The latent stage occurs from 6 to 12 years old. Because the id’s impulses are not focused on a specific part of the body, Freud states that no fixations will occur during this stage. However, a child may still use defence mechanisms to defend from the id/unconscious mind, like repression.

68
Q

what is said about the genital stage

A

The genital stage is the 5th and final stage, occurring from 12+ years of age, or when the child enters puberty. Once in this stage, they will stay like this for the rest of their lives as an adult. As such, no psychological trauma will cause a fixation later in life, because they are already in their final stage. This stage is similar to the phallic stage, however instant gratification is focused on a person’s own reproductive organs, rather than just the penis.

69
Q

Question 6. Explain why the Little Hans study is unscientific.

A

The Little Hans study is unscientific, because the study could not be generalised to other people. Also, there was no testing of cause and effect, because there was no objective empirical evidence being collected, and Freud was not manipulating any independent variables with a control group.

70
Q

small A03 points for freud

A
  • isn’t very scientific, unfalsifiable and not based on empirical evidence
  • lacks pop validity, as uses case studies
  • gender bias (androcentric bias as it assumes that girls always want the same as boys)
  • psychic determinism - belief that repressed trauma in unconscious mind affects behaviour
71
Q

what did Allen et al find

A

Positive symptoms also have neural correlates. Allen et al (2007) scanned patients with auditory hallucinations, compared to a control.​

Lower activation levels were found in superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus of hallucination group. Reduced activity in these parts of the brain is a neural correlate for auditory hallucinations. ​

psychology A level (4 decks)

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