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A-Level AQA Psychology Flashcards > Approaches in Psychology > Flashcards

Approaches in Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is William Wundt?

A

The first person to be called psychologist
- The Father of Psychology

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2
Q

When and where was the first psychology laboratory opened?

A
  • 1879 in Leipzig,Germany
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3
Q

What happened in 1873?

A
  • Wundt published his first book on Psychology (‘Principles of Physiological Psychology’) to establish Psychology as an independent science.
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4
Q

What is introspection?

A

The examination of one’s conscious awareness/thoughts

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5
Q

How was introspection carried out?

A
  • Highly trained assistants would be given a stimulus such as a ticking metronome and would reflect on the experience.
  • They were asked to report their sensations, thoughts and feelings, breaking their thoughts into separate elements
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6
Q

What was structuralism?

A

The attempt to understand the structure and characteristics of the mind.

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7
Q

When should introspection be obtained?

A

It should be obtained during a task rather than after as subjects may forget their thoughts

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8
Q

What are problems of introspection?

A
  • reports may be deliberately distorted due to socially desirable responses, effecting validity
  • there will always be a delay between the conscious experience and the reporting of it, so subjects may forget their thoughts.
  • if results can’t be replicated they will not be reliable.
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9
Q

What was David Griffths experiment in 1994?

A
  • Griffths gave individuals of 2 groups five pounds each (gambles and non gamblers).
  • They were attached to a mic and told to speak out their thoughts.
    He concluded that gamblers have a different thought process
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10
Q

What is the unconscious mind?

A

Buried, unknown thoughts at the back of the mind

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11
Q

Who was the founder of the psychodynamic approach.

A

Sigmund Freud

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12
Q

What does the psychodynamic theory state?

A

Psychodynamic theory states that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult life. It will shape our personality

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13
Q

What metaphor does Sigmund Freud use to explain the mind?

A

An iceberg:
- the submerged majority represents the unconscious mind
- the middle represents the pre-conscious mind
- the tip represents the conscious mind

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14
Q

How can you access the unconscious mind?

A

Through psychoanalysis (therapy)

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15
Q

What is the structure of personality?

A
  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego
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16
Q

Where does the id reside?

A

It’s buried in the unconscious mind

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17
Q

When do we develop the id?

A

We are all born with it

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18
Q

What is the id motivated by?

A

The Pleasure Principle

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19
Q

What is the id?

A

It’s the unconscious focus on one’s self

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20
Q

What can a dominant id result in?

A

Addictions in adulthood

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21
Q

Where does the ego reside?

A

In the conscious and pre-conscious parts of the mind

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22
Q

What is the ego?

A

The rational, conscious part of the brain

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23
Q

What is the role of the ego?

A

To balance out the id and superego

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24
Q

What is the ego motivated by?

A

The Reality Principle

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25
Q

Where does the superego reside?

A

Mainly in the pre-conscious and sometimes the conscious mind

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26
Q

What is the superego motivated by?

A

The Moral Principle

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27
Q

What is the superego?

A

It’s a moral guide developed which is based on social and parental influence

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28
Q

What can a weak ego lead to?

A

A dominant id and/or superego

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29
Q

What can a dominant superego lead to?

A

It can lead to problems like anxiety, OCD, eating disorders and depression

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30
Q

What is a weakness of case studies?

A
  • The infromation is very subject and not scientific
  • because there isn’t data to analyse but thoughts and experiences to evaluate
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31
Q

What are strengths of case studies?

A

Information gained is very detailed and produces qualitative data

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32
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

Different ways our ego protects us from past trauma (that can lead us to feeling anxiety,guilt or shame) by distorting reality for ourselves.

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33
Q

What are the three main defence mechanisms?

A
  • Denial
  • Displacement
  • Repression
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34
Q

What is denial?

A

When a person refuses to accept that an event has happened.

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35
Q

Why is denial a defence mechanism?

A
  • When something traumatic happens which would be hard to deal with, the person denies that is had happened at all. This isn’t a conscious process
  • Denial can protect us from anxiety
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36
Q

What is displacement?

A

When an unacceptable drive is displaced to a more acceptable target.

- e.g. taking your anger out from one person to another

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37
Q

What is repression?

A

The mind force a distressing memory out of the conscious mind.

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38
Q

What is the problem with overusing defence mechanisms?

A
  • It can lead to a person’s whole reality not being accepted.
  • They would be living in a form of psychosis.
  • They have their own individual reality that doesn’t affect other’s reality.
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39
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages?

A
  • Oral stage
  • Anal stage
  • Phallic stage
  • Latent stage
  • Genital stage
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40
Q

What ages does the oral stage occur?

A

0-1 years old

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41
Q

What ages does the anal stage occur?

A

1-3 years old

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42
Q

What ages does the phallic stage occur?

A

3-5 years old

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43
Q

What ages does the latent stage occur?

A

6-12 years old

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44
Q

What ages does the genital stage occur?

A

Puberty to adulthood

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45
Q

What happens if a child is deprived or overstatisfied during any of the psychosexual stages?

A

They may become fixated and this will have effects on their adult behaviour

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46
Q

Why do we have psychosexual stages?

A
  • Freud believed that children are born with a libido (not necessarily a sexual urge)
  • There are a number of stages of childhood, during which the child seeks pleasure from a different ‘object’
  • To be psychologically healthy, we must successfully complete each stage
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47
Q

During the oral stage, where is the main focus of pleasure?

A

The mouth

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48
Q

During the anal stage, where is the main focus of pleasure?

A

Anus - defecation is the main source of pleasure

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49
Q

During the Phallic stage, where is the main focus of pleasure?

A

Genitals

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50
Q

During the latency stage, where is the main focus of pleasure?

A

Sexual urges are sublimed. There is more focus on sports, hobbies and making same-sex friendships

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51
Q

During the genital stage, where is the main focus of pleasure?

A

Focus on genitals but not to same extent as phallic stage

52
Q

What is the result of fixation at the oral stage?

A

Excessive smoking, overeating, or dependence on others

53
Q

What is the result of fixation at the anal stage?

A

An overly controlling personality or an easily angered personality

54
Q

What is the result of fixation at the phallic stage?

A

Guilt or anxiety about sex

55
Q

What is the result of fixation at the latent stage?

A

No fixations at this stage

56
Q

What is the result of fixation at the genital stage?

A

No fixations at this stage

57
Q

What causes fixation at the oral stage?

A

Fixation occurs at this stage if a child is weaned too soon or is not weaned soon enough

58
Q

What causes fixation at the anal stage?

A

Parent’s who are too lenient or too strict can cause fixation at this stage.

59
Q

What is the Oedipus Complex?

A
  • Boy wants his mother as his ‘primary love object’ and wants his father out of the way
  • however when the boy later sees that he’s visually more similar to his father he seems to develop his superego based on his father action.
60
Q

Who founded the behaviourist approach?

A

JB Watson in 1915

61
Q

What are the assumptions with the psychodynamic approach?

A
  • events in childhood stay in the unconscious and affect adulthood
  • the ego uses defence mechanisms to protect the mind
62
Q

What are the positives of the psychodynamic approach?

A
  • information gained is detailed and helped to understand the reasons behind behaviour
63
Q

What are the negatives of the psychodynamic approach?

A
  • it’s subjective
  • not enough data/information to compare everyone
64
Q

What methods are used in the psychodynamic approach?

A
  • psychoanalysis (talking therapy)
  • through case studies of individuals
65
Q

What are the basic assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A
  • We are all born ‘tabla rasa’ (blank slates)
  • All behaviour is learnt - result of stimuli
  • All behaviour is learnt from the environment
  • All we have at birth is the capacity to learn
66
Q

What is meant by tabla rasa?

A

Humans are born as a blank slates

67
Q

What is the definition of a stimulus?

A

Anything, internal or external, that brings about a response

68
Q

What is the definition of a response?

A

Any reaction in the presence of a stimulus

69
Q

What is the definition of reinforcement?

A

The process by which a response is strengthened.

70
Q

What is the focus of the behaviourist approach?

A

Observable behaviour

71
Q

What is US or UCS?

A

Unconditioned stimulus

72
Q

What is UR or UCR?

A

Unconditioned response

73
Q

What is NS?

A

Neutral Stimulus

74
Q

What is CR?

A

Conditioned response

75
Q

What is CS?

A

Conditioned stimulus

76
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Automatic response (uncontrolled)

77
Q

Who came up with the theory of Classical Conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

78
Q

What are the three types of learning in the behaviourist approach?

A
  • Classic Conditioning
  • Social Learning Theory
  • Operant Conditioning
79
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

This is the learning by association and refers to the conditioning of reflexes and involves associating a new stimulus with an innate bodily reflex.

80
Q

Explain Pavlov’s dog experiment.

A
  • First Pavlov established that food causes the dogs to salivate
    • Unconditioned Stimulus — food
    • Unconditioned Response — saliva
  • Then Pavlov started to ring a bell each time he bought food over.
    • Neutral Stimulus — bell sound
  • The dogs soon associated the sound to food and would salivate when they heard the bells.
    • Conditioned stimulus — bell
    • Conditioned response — saliva
81
Q

What was Pavlov’s contribution on understanding human behaviour?

A
  • showed learning could be investigated experimentally using non-human participants
  • discovered classical conditioning
  • influenced therapy techniques
82
Q

How do we know that Classical Conditioning works with humans as well?

A

Watson and Rainer experiment with ‘Little Albert’ in 1920

83
Q

Who came up with Operant Conditioning?

A

BF Skinner

84
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

Learning through the consequences (positive or negative) of behaviour responses

85
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

86
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated using consequences that are pleasant

87
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated using consequences that are pleasant

88
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated by removing an unpleasant consequence.

89
Q

What is punishment?

A

Anything which has the effect of decreasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by using consequences that are unpleasant.

90
Q

Explain the positive reinforcement in Skinner’s box.

A

1) hungry rat was placed in in a box
2) box contained a lever on the side and as the rat moved it would accidentally knock the lever
3) food pellets would drop each time the lever was locked
4) the rat quickly learnt to go straight for the lever if it wanted food

91
Q

Explain the negative reinforcement in Skinner’s box.

A

1) rat is placed in a box and is subjected to a mild electrical shock (causing discomfort)
2) as the rat moved around it will accidentally knock the lever
3) immediately as it did electrical current would be switched off
4) rat quickly learnt to go straight to the lever

92
Q

What are the basic assumptions with Social Learning Theory?

A
  • behaviour is learnt through experience (agrees with the behaviourist approach)
  • learning occurs through observation and imitation of role models
93
Q

What methods are used in Social Learning Theory?

A
  • Controlled Experiments
94
Q

What are the positives with the Social Learning Theory?

A
  • more of a complete explanation of human behaviour than conditioning as it takes cognitive factors in learning
  • based on lab experiments (accurate + reliable results)
  • it’s concerned with human behaviour rather than animal behaviour
95
Q

What are the negatives with the Social Learning Theory?

A
  • doesn’t take into account free will and moral values
  • doesn’t take into account the influence of biological factors on behaviour
96
Q

What is the Social Learning Theory?

A

The indirect learning through imitation

97
Q

Who came up with the Social Learning theory?

A

Albert Bandura
- he proposed the SLT as a development of the behaviourist approach

98
Q

What is imitation in SLT?

A

It is the way an individual copies the behaviour of a role model.

99
Q

When is imitation most likely to occur?

A

If we identify with the role model.
- this process is called modelling

100
Q

Who makes a good model in SLT?

A

Anyone can make a good model,e.g:
- Same age
- Same sex
- Older sibling
- Celebrity

There should be a factor that we can identify ourselves with

101
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

When imitation is most likely to occur when the model is positively reinforced

102
Q

What was the Bobo doll experiment? Change this

A

It was a lab experiment were Bandura recorded the behaviour of children who had watched how an adult behaviour towards it.

103
Q

What were the variables in the Bobo doll experiment?

A
  • 24 children shown an aggressive model (6 boys and 6 girls were shown a male model, and 6 boys and 6 girls were shown a female model)
  • 24 children shown a non-aggressive model (6 boys and 6 girls were shown a male model, and 6 boys and 6 girls were shown a female model)
  • 24 children shown no model (as a control)
104
Q

What was in sample in the Bobo doll experiment?

A

36 boys and 36 girls from the Stanford University Nursery School aged between 3 to 6 years old.

105
Q

What were the results of the Bobo doll experiment?

A
  • children who observed the aggressive model acted were more likely to act aggressively towards the doll then the other two groups
  • boys imitated more aggressive acts than girls
  • boys were more likely to imitate same-sex models than girls
106
Q

What were the limitations of the Bobo doll experiment?

A
  • a controlled environment, so real-life isn’t reflected
  • ethical - may cause psychological harm to kids
107
Q

What are the four cognitive conditions needed for observational learning?

A
  • Attention: observer needs to pay attention to the model
  • Retention: observer needs to be able to remember the models actions
  • Reproduction: observer needs to be able to transform the mental representation into a a physical action
  • Motivation: observer needs a reason to imitate
108
Q

When was the humanistic approach developed?

A

The humanistic movement developed in America in the early 1950s

109
Q

What are the assumptions of the Humanistic Approach?

A
  • each person is unique and can exercise free will (rejects the other two approaches)
  • humans strive towards self-actualisation
  • subjective experience of the world is more crucial to understanding an individual than objective reality.
110
Q

What are the positives of the humanistic approach?

A
  • has application to modern society
  • considers subjective conscious experience
111
Q

What are the negatives of the humanistic approach?

A
  • without ‘basic needs’ one can’t self-actualise (so homeless people can’t self-actualise)
  • the hierarchy of needs is very exclusive
112
Q

What methods are used in the humanistic approach?

A

Qualitative methods, such as:
- unstructured interviewing
- participant observation
- diaries, letters,etc

113
Q

Who came up with the ‘Hierarchy of Needs’?

A

Abraham Maslow in 1943

114
Q

What was the Hierarchy of Needs?

A

A pyramid which represents the most basic human needs at the bottom and the most advanced needs at the top

115
Q

What is the order of the Hierarchy of Needs? (bottom to top)

A

1) Basic (food,water,air)
2) Safety (security, feeling secure)
3) Love (intimacy, family and friends)
4) Self-esteem (confidence and respect towards oneself, respect by others)
5) Self-actualisation (fulfilment, to develop or achieve one’s full potential)

116
Q

What is Carl Roger’s Self Theory?

A

You are made up of two selves:
- real self
- ideal self

117
Q

What is the real self?

A
  • how you are in the real world
  • how others see you
118
Q

What is the ideal self?

A
  • who you wish to be if you were the best version of yourself
119
Q

What are the two basic needs that Carl Roger’s claimed people have?

A
  • positive regard from others
  • feeling of self-worth
120
Q

When do feelings of self-worth develop?

A

It’s developed in childhood and formed as a result of the child’s interactions with parents and loved ones

121
Q

When is congruence established?

A

When our real self is closer to our ideal self
- it’s rare to be in a state of complete congruence

122
Q

What are the conditions of worth?

A
  • humans have a basic need to feel nurtured & valued by significant people in their lives
  • love and acceptance may be given conditionally or unconditionally
  • psychological issues are thought to arise as a direct result of conditions of worth
123
Q

When was the cognitive approach developed?

A

Began in late 1950’s and early 1960’s
Became dominant approach in 1970’s

124
Q

What are the basic assumptions of the cognitive approach?

A
  • external stimuli give us internal thoughts to process in the mind
  • schema are mental representations of past knowledge and experience
  • our mind is compared to a computer
125
Q

What methods are used in for the cognitive approach?

A
  • controlled lab experiments
  • use of theoretical models
  • use of computer models

A-Level AQA Psychology Flashcards (4 decks)

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