Approaches - Ao1+Ao3

Question 1

Ao1 - Assumptions of Biological Approach

Answer 1

Biological app suggests that all behaviour is determned by our biology - eg genes and hormones
One assumption is 1859 Charles Darwin make origin of species - keywords - natural selection, evolution, adaptive characteristics

Genetics - Genes are genetic information carried by DNA in chromosomes - 23 pairs or 46 individual - Genes can determine behaviour ,and therefore allows for a** disposition** to certain behaviours - eg MAOA, CDH13, XYY

always link back to how genes can determine behaviour

Question 2

Behaviour is determined by our biology, give 2 examples.

Answer 2

Genetics: MAOA Gene - Links to Aggression
CDH13 - links to addiction

XYY also

Question 3

Who made the Origin of Species and when

Answer 3

Charles Darwin 1859

Question 4

Keywords involved in Darwins theory

Answer 4

Natural selection - the process in which species evolve over time as their offspring retains the preferential adaptive characteristics more suited for survival.

Question 5

What are genes?

Answer 5

Genes are genetic information carried by DNA in chromosomes (23 pairs or 46 individual)

Question 6

How many pairs/individual chromosomes does a typical human have?

Answer 6

(23 pairs or 46 individual)

Question 7

What can genes determine and give an example.

Answer 7

Genes can determine behaviour - eg. MAOA CDH13 or XYY

Question 8

What is genotype and phenotype?

Answer 8

Genotype is the genetic configuration of an indvidual
Phenotype describes the observable characteristics of an individual as a result of the combined effects of genetic makeup and surrounding evnrionment on behaviour.

Question 9

What does nature/nurture argue?

Answer 9

It argues for the extent as to which our behaviour is determined by biological factors over environmental factors and vice versa.

Question 10

Ao3 of biological Approach

Answer 10

positive : Real life applications via drug treatments eg SSRI’s in OCD, Antipsychotics for SZ, Antidepressants for depression.

positive : the biological approach is grounded in the science of biology as it produces objective evidence that is often irrefutable, investigatong cause and efect directly eg PET and fMRI

negatives: Labratory experiments lack ecological validity, the findings may not reflect the nature of real life scenarios for example loftus and palmer (1975) didnt factor in the effect of anxiety on recall, decreasing the generalisability and external validity.

negatives: Sample type - use of idiographic samples in bilogical approach through case studies in memeory via Clive Wearing the entire existence of samanti, procdural and epsidoc memories hinges from the findingd of one atypical man are generalised to the whole populus.

Question 11

What are the positives of the biological approach?

Answer 11

Real life applications - investigations into how our biology impacts our behaviour lead to drug treamtnets such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, SSRI’s for OCD.

link back to investigation on how biology impacts behaviour

Question 12

Negatives of Biological Approach

Answer 12

Lack of ecological validity - lab experiements means that it may not reflect the nature of a real life scenario, and therefore cannot be generalisable to the whole population. For example, loftus and palmer (1975) which didnt counter in stress and therefore reduced their external validity

Sample type - idogrphaic sample emans that they reduce their generalisability through case studies being generalised to the whole pupulation.

Question 13

What are the real life applications of the biological approach?

Positive 1

Answer 13

Drug Treatments - eg antipsychotics antidepressants SSRI’s.

Question 14

How is the biological appraoch scientific?

Answer 14

It is grounded in the science of biology, it is objective and irrefutable and investigates cause and effect directly, eg PET and fMRI.

Question 15

How do lab experiments affect the Biological Approach?

Answer 15

Lack of ecological validity - it becomes arguable as to wether the findings reflect the real life scenario, decreasing the generalisability of the study. For example, Loftus and Palmer (1975) didnt factor in anxiety on encoding, and therefore reduce their external validity.

Question 16

How does sample size impact the biological approach?

Answer 16

Idiographic sample - case studies in biological resarch mean that it is generalising findings from one individual to a widwr population eg clive wearing and semantic, epsiodic and procedural memory.

Question 17

Ao1 of Behaviourist Approach

Answer 17

p1 - Behavioural approach revolves around the ide of conicitoing via stimulus and response or punishment and reward. For example, Pavlov (1897) where there was the bell (NS) and the food (UCS) which resulted int he bell being CS and slivating being the UCR.

Skinner rats - skinner made the skinner box where a rat would step on a switch to get food, and therfore woud continue to do that, and were punished if it did not. 3 types of condictioning ,positive reinforcemnt - giving a reward, negative reinforcement - taking away something bad and punishement - giving a consequence for non-preferential behaviour.

Question 18

What was the process of pavlov

Answer 18

FIRST there was the bell (NS) along with the food (UCS), which caused salivation, the UCR.

SECOND this was repeated as the dog begun to associate the NS with the UCR.

THIRD the food was taken away, and the bell became the CS with the salivating now being the CR.

Question 19

What was the process of skinner

Answer 19

The rats would eplore the box until they accidentally stepped on a switch, giving them food, positively reinforcing them to proess it again. If it went too long without pressing the switch, the rat would be shocked. If the rat pressed it again, it would gain the Positive reinforcement of the food and the Negative reinforcement of no shocks.

Question 20

Ao3 of Behaviourist

Answer 20

+ Behaviourism is scientific - it was the first psychology to study cause and effect, giving the subject scientific discipline and advancing it as a whole. Not only does this increase the validity of the studies however also attracted more funding and research opportunities in the subject.

+ Real world applications - for example phobias and systematic desnsititisations helps people

• Animal studies - based on assumption that humans are like aimals, also raises ethical issues since nimals in skinner were shocked and harmed.
• Ignores role of cognition and mediational processes, focsues only on behavioural aspects an ignores emotional and cognitive aspects

Question 21

How is behaviourism scientific?
How did this aid psychology as a whole?

Answer 21

Behaviourism is scientific because it used a lab based cause and effect study. This made advances in calling spychology a science and gave it scietific disipline, allowing for more funding and research opportunities.

Question 22

What are the real world applications for behaviourist approach?

Answer 22

Phobias and systematic desensitisation.

Question 23

What are the nagatives of using animal studies in the behaviouralist approach?

Answer 23

Depends on the assumption that animals behave like humans which is false, an also raises ethical assies in the protection of the animals as the rats were shocked and harmed.

Question 24

What is the problem with the behavioural approach only focusing on behavioural aspects of behaviour?

Answer 24

The problem is that it ignores emotional and cognitive aspects, not acknoweldging that there may be other mediational processes that can impact behaviour.

Question 25

Ao1 of Social Learning Theory

Answer 25

P1: Observational learning via the imitation of role models and vicarious reinforcement. Bandura argues that imitation of a role model requires 4 processes, attention (noticing the behavjour of the role model), retention (remembering the beahaviour), reproduction (imitating the beahaviour) and motivation (reason to imitate, typically vicarious reinforcmenet). P2: Bandura bobo doll (1961) - investigate effects of aggressive role model on 72 children in a room filled with toys . 3 groups, aggressive role model, non aggressive role mdoel, and the control w/ no role model. Bandura found an aggressive role model lead to aggressive beahiour and ivice versa.

Question 26

What are the 4 steps of imitation

Answer 26

Attention (noticing behaviour) , Retention (remembering the beahaviour), Reproduction (repeating the behaviour), Motivation (having reason for repeating the behaviour, tupically vicarious reinforcement)

Question 27

What is it called when you want to imitate behaviour that is praised. ## Footnote Hint: Living ________ through you.

Answer 27

Vicarious Reinforcement

Question 28

When was the bobo doll epeirment

Answer 28

1961

Question 29

How many children in bobo doll experiemtn

Answer 29

72 children - half male half female.

Question 30

Process of banduras bobo doll.

Answer 30

3 groups - aggressive role mdoel, non -aggressive and a cntrol with no reole model. he found that they iitated the model ,implying that SLT is true.

Question 31

Ao3 of Social Learning Theory

Answer 31

+ Real Life Applications - Andsager (2006) found that if participants identify with a character in a anti-alcohol campaign then they were more likely to imitate the beahvhour - SLT has uses in promotional halth capmains and fr helping with alcoholism. + Research Support - plentiful research suppprot - Myers (2015) - confirmed importance of vicarious reinforcement in the workplace - Lack of ecological validity- 3-6 children and therefore may not ahv ebeen imitation but instead demand characteristics as a result of the setting and presusre of researchers. + DOesnt ignore mediational processes - therefore is better than beavoural or biological.

Question 32

Ao1 of Cognitive Approach

Answer 32

P1: Based o assuption that the brain is like a comuter, having inputs, outputs an theffroe processes between the two. These are called mediational processes, and imvolve processes such as memory, perception, attention and language. Eg. flower and cry/smile P2: Schemas are packets of pre-concieveed information that creates a mental framework for how the world functions. These provide expectations of how the world works so that we dont ahve to always process every detail all the time. eg party

Question 33

Ao3 of cognitive approach

Answer 33

+ Acknoweldges mediational processes - it doesnt ignore that it is the process of thinking that determines the output. + Real World Applications - It has caused Therapies such as CBT and lead to cognitive neurosciecne and therefore fMRI - machine reductionism - reduces the human brain to fucntion like a machine, when it is much more complex than that. + could be a more honest and sicentific approach as it acknoweldges nature and nature - recognising that the result of information processing occurs because of the braina dn its biologyical origin (nature) along with schemas beng made through experience (nurture).

Question 34

WHat are the metiational processes in the congitive appraoch?

Answer 34

attention, perception, memeory, language.

Question 35

What is a schema?

Answer 35

A schema is a pre-concieved idea that acts as a mental frameowkr for how we see the world. They provide us with examples of hwo the world wors rather than ahving to always process every detail all of the time.a

Question 36

WHat is the benefit of schema?

Answer 36

THey privde us with expectations as to how the world works - means we do not have to be constantly processing every single piece of iformation at all times.

Question 37

What is the benefit of the congitive approach acknowledging mediational processes?

Answer 37

+ It is holist and notices that there is a process rather than just stimuli and response as seen in approaches like the biological and behavioural.

Question 38

What are the real world applications of cognitive approach

Answer 38

CBT - Cognitive Neuroscience and fMRI/EEG

Question 39

How is the cognitive approach reductionist?

Answer 39

It uses machine reductionism - it treats the brain like a machine.

Question 40

How is the cognitive approach regarding both nature and nurture and what does this make it?

Answer 40

It could be more realistic as it shows nature through the biological nature of the processing happening within the brain and nurture through schemas forced via experience.

Question 41

Ao1 of Humanistic Approach

Answer 41

Assumes th every person can assert free will and have a choice in how they behave. Maslows Heirarchy of needs (1943) and self actualisation YOu must go through Spychological needs (health, sleep, food), Safety Needs (a home, a job), Love Needs (a partner, friends), Self Esteem (love for yourself) and only then can you "self actualise, being the heighest tier of thinking and having complete control over your own life. Carl Rogers - suggested two basic needs - self worth and uncondicitonal positive regard (UPR). He said that when someone got UPR, they would be praised for certain behavior, giving them conditions of worth. They then become dependant on these conditions of worth, and thus argues that the ideas self and the actual self must align via a process called congruence, and only then can they break from these conditions of worth.

Question 42

Ao3 of Humansitic Approach

Answer 42

+ Real world applications - Rogers lead to client centered therapy, which is used often

Question 43

y