Approaches Flashcards
Phenotype
expression of our genetic make up, combining genotype with environmental influences
positive reinforcement
behaviours are more likely to be repeated due to the reward provided
defence mechanisims
strategies used to protect the ego when it cannot cope with reality.
neurochemistry
considering the role of neurotransmitter activity as a cause for our behaviour
cognitive neuroscience
a discipline combing the biological approach and cognitive approach in order to understand mental processes through investigating the brain
behaviourist approach
the view that we learn through conditioning and the association of stimuli and responses
modelling
within social learning, parents act as role models, showing children how to behave.
free will
the belief that we have control over our behaviour, rather than it being determined- humanistic approach
holism
the view that we need to study the individual as a whole, as the whole if often greater than the sum of its parts
superego
our conscious or morality principle- this tells us right from wrong
mediational processes
in social learning cognitive factors such as attention, retention and motivation which determine how likely a behaviour is to imitated
introspection
a systematic attempt to investigate ones own mental and emotional processes
conditions of worth
the requirements placed upon an individual by others and may indicate conditional love
denial
continuing to pretend that everything is fine when it isn’t
classical conditioning
a neutral stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response
identification
within social learning children look up to their role models and are thus more likely to imitate their behaviour to be like them
congruence
the match between an individuals sense of self and their ideal self. if there is a mismatch the individual may suffer from low self esteem
psychosexual stages
the view that children develop through a series of stages due to focus of their sexual drives
Wundt
opened the first experimental psychological laboratory in 1879
schema
packets of information/expectations formed through experience and helping us to make sense of the world
displacement
the process of shifting anger or negative feelings from one person to a substitute person/object.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
a pyramid which shows the various requirements of humans, from basic physiological needs to belonging to self-actualisation
self actualisation
a humanistic term which refers to the ability to fulfil ones potential
ID
our pleasure principle- it makes demands
represion
the process of pushing distressing or uncomfortable thoughts/memories out of conscious awareness
ego
our reality principle- it attempts to balance the demands of the id with morals of the superego
Bandura
conducted the ‘Bobo doll’ studies to investigate observation and imitation
inferences
assumptions may need to be made, based upon the behaviours shown
genotype
our full inherited genetic makeup
vicarious reinforcement
learning about the consequences of behaviour through observing somebody else getting rewarded for their behaviour
