Approaches Flashcards
Behaviour Approach-Main Assumptions
Observable behaviour which can be objectively measured, reject introspection;
Lab. Experiments allow control and objectivity;
Basic processes that humans and animals learn in the same way;
Tabula Rasa= Blank Slate - we become shaped by the process of the learning from the environment;
Nurture
Beh. A- Classical Conditioning
It’s the learning through association and every stimulus has a response. 1 neutral stimulus =1 unconditional response. Then, combined, the neutral and unconditional stimulus and create a conditional stimulus and response.
Beh. A- Operant Conditioning
Learn through consequences.
The aim is to explain more complex behvaiours.
Positive Reinforcement= Receiving an award when certain behaviour is performed.
Negative Reinforcement= Avoids something unpleasant, strengthens behaviours.
Punishment= An unpleasant consequence of behaviour.
Beh. A- Pavlov’s Dog (CC) Experiment
Aim: to investigate if animals such as dogs could learn how to behave through association. Pavlov took a bell and food and the dog would salivate, then ring the bell and give food.
Beh. A- Skinner’s Rats (OC) Experiment
Aim - to investigate OC through the development of Skinner’s box. The rat moves around presses a lever,it drops a food pellet. The rats press the lever to get the food when it stops giving food, they abandoned it. It supports the idea that animals learn through consequences.
Beh. A- Evaluation- Strengths/Weakness
*Strength: Scientific- Lab. Experiments; Empirical- Observable; Practical Applications- teachers, phobias, addictions; Nurture;
*Weakness:
Not useful- used on animals;
Cannot extrapole findings to humans;
Ignores nature;
Unethical- harmul (Little Albert)
Psychology
The scientific form that our brain works towards to create our behaviours.
Wundt - Father of psychology ( Godfather of ¥)
- Father of psychology;
- Paved way due that he was the 1st to open a psychology lab using introspective.
- 1st to create a scientific method to study behaviourism and opened ways for other perspectives.
Rene Descartes & Cartesian Dualism - Godfather of ¥
Cartesian Dualism = mind and body are 2 different identities that are meant to be studied separate.
Early influences include Renee Descartes, his concept was Cartesian dualism.
John Locke & Empiricism & Behaviourism- Godfather of ¥
Empiricism = the belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experiences.
This is studying a scientific method on the emergence of psychology as a science. He believed individuals are born as a ‘tabula rasa’.
Charles Darwin & Evolution - Godfather of ¥
All humans & animals behaviour has changed over the generations, so that the generations become stronger, more adaptive genes to survive and reproduce.
Watson and the start of behaviourism - Godfather of ¥
Problems with introspective:
- ppts might lie.
- subjective data.
- its not scientific.
Watson: ‘A true science…’ should be focusing on the phenomenon that can be observed and measured. It’s known as empirical method.
But introspective… isn’t observed neither scientific.
Psychology’ History
- Psychology has its roots in 17th and early 19th century philosophy and was once known by experimental philosophy.
- In 1879s Wundt opens the 1st experimental lab. and psychology emerged as a distinct disciple.
- In 1900s Freud emphasised the influence of unconscious mind and the Psychodynamic approach us established.
- In 1913s Watson rejected the vagueness of introspective instead of focusing on how we are as a product of our learning, experiences etc. Behaviourism was established.
- In 1950s Bogers and Maslow rejected the ideias of behaviourism and psychodynamic approach. The Humanistic psychologists emphasised the importance of self- determination and free will.
- In 1960s Bandura provided a Social Learning Theory, providing the bridge between behaviourism and cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology developed due that technology advanced and psychologists were able to use it on human mind.
- From 1980s onwards, the biological approach begins to be established as a dominant scientific perspective. The advance in technology lead to the understanding of brain and the biological process.
- Eve of the 21st century, cognitive neuroscience emerged as a distinct discipline bringing together the cognitive and biological approach.
Social Learning Theory - Main Assumptions
It’s an indirect learning (reinforcement) of an observation made to a role model’s behaviour and imitating. We also learn directly.
SLT - Vicarious Learning
It’s not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour. Learning takes place by observing the good/bad consequences of model’s actions. Behaviours that brings consequences to a role model is likely to be imitated.A role model must be someone that you identify yourself with.
