Approaches Flashcards
Approaches
Setting QNH Before IAF
Prior to passing the IAF, pilots are required to set either:
a. the actual airport QNH from an approved source, or
b. the aerodrome forecast (TAF) QNH, or
c. the forecast area QNH
An actual airport QNH obtained from an approved source is valid for 15 minutes from the time of receipt.
Where the forecast area QNH is used, the minima used must be increased by 50FT
Approaches
Flying Below LSALT
An aircraft must not be flown under the IFR lower than the published lowest safe altitude or the lowest safe altitude except when:
Don't Vector In Very Close DGA Vectors IAL/hold VMC by day Climb after T/O
Approaches
Descent Below the Straight-in MDA
Descent below the straight-in MDA or continuation of the approach below the DA during APVs, may only occur when:
▪ visual reference can be maintained;
▪ all elements of the meteorological minima are equal to or greater than those published for the aircraft performance category and
the aircraft is continuously in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal flight manoeuvres that will allow touchdown to occur within the touchdown zone of the runway of intended landing.
Approaches
Circling Approaches and Visual Circling
During visual circling, descent below the circling MDA may only occur when the
pilot:
▪ Maintains the aircraft within the circling area; and
▪ Maintains a visibility along the intended flight path not less than the minimum specified on the chart for the procedure; and
▪ Maintains visual contact with the landing runway environment (i.e. the runway threshold or approach lighting or other markings identifiable with the runway); then the pilot may:
▪ By day and when obstacles can be seen:
Descend below MDA from any position within the circling area to an altitude that maintains obstacle clearance (OCA) not less than that required for the aircraft performance category. For Category A and B aircraft, OCA is 300 ft.
▪ By night:
From a position within the circling area on the downwind, base or final leg, complete a continuous descent from MDA to the threshold using rates of descent and manoeuvres normal to the aircraft type.
Approaches
Circling Approaches and Visual Circling
State Categories, circling areas and OCA
CAT NM FT A 1.68 300 B 2.66 300 C 4.20 400 D 5.28 400 E 6.64 500
Approaches
Procedure Turns
2 main types
a) 45º/180
1 to 3 min after point, turn 45º 1 min (cat a,b), turn 180º to return
b) 80º/260º
1 to 3 min after point, turn 80º and once completed return with 260º turn
Approaches Approach Speeds CAT A, B and C Vat, IAF/Inter, FAF, Circling, MAP
A. <91, 90-150, 70-100, 100, 100
B. 91-120, 120-180, 85-130, 135, 150
C. 121-140, 160-240, 115-160, 180, 240
Approaches
DME or GPS Arrival Procedures
The following specific restrictions apply to the conduct of a GPS Arrival:
a. The database medium (card, chip, etc) must be current and of a kind
endorsed by the receiver manufacturer.
b. The coordinates of the destination VOR or NDB, to which the descent
procedure relates, must not be capable of modification by the operator or
crew.
c. GPS integrity (e.g. RAIM) must be available before descending below the
LSALT/MSA.
d. The nominated azimuth aid (VOR or NDB) must be used to provide track
guidance during the arrival procedure.
e. If at any time during the approach, there is cause to doubt the validity of
the GPS information (e.g. RAIM warning), or if GPS integrity is lost (e.g. RAIM not available), the pilot must conduct a missed approach.
Visual Approaches
ATC Autho
Visual approaches may be granted to IFR by day when:
1) the aircraft is within 30 NM of the airport; and
2) the pilot has established and can continue flight with continuous visual
reference to the ground or water; and
3) VIS along the flight path is not less than 5000M, or for helicopters 800M,
or the airport is in sight.
Visual Approaches
ATC Autho
For an IFR flight by night when:
1) the pilot has established and can continue flight to the airport with
continuous visual reference to the ground or water; and
2) VIS along the flight path is not less than 5000M; and
3) the aircraft is within 30 NM of the airport; and
4) receiving an ATS surveillance, the flight has been assigned the minimum
vector altitude (MVA) and given heading or tracking instructions to intercept final or to position the aircraft within the circling area of the airport.
Visual Approaches
ATC Autho
For a VFR flight by day or night:
The only condition is that the aircraft must be within 30 NM of the aerodrome.
Visual Approaches
Tracking requirements
A PIC must maintain track/heading on the route progressively authorized by ATC until:
a) by day, within 5 NM of the aerodrome; or
b) by night:
- IFR, within the prescribed circling area; or
- VFR, within 3 NM of the aerodrome; and
- the aerodrome is in sight
From this position, the CCT must be joined, as directed by ATC for an approach to the nominated RWY.
Visual Approaches
Minimum Altitude Requirements
During the conduct of a visual approach, a pilot must descend as necessary to:
By day:
By day:
a) IFR, remain not less than 500 FT ABV the LL of the CTA; and
b) IFR and VFR, operate not BLW the lowest safe altitude
permissible for VFR flight (CAR 157).
Visual Approaches
Minimum Altitude Requirements
During the conduct of a visual approach, a pilot must descend as necessary to:
By night:
a) IFR:
- maintain an altitude not less than the route segment
LSALT/MSA or the appropriate step of the DME/GPS Arrival procedure, or 500 FT ABV the lower limit of the CTA, if this is higher; or
- if receiving an ATS surveillance service, operate not BLW the last assigned altitude;
until the aircraft is:
- within the prescribed circling area for the category of
aircraft or a higher category, where the limitations of the higher category are complied with, and the aerodrome is in sight; or
- within 5 NM (7 NM for a RWY equipped with an ILS) of the aerodrome, aligned with the RWY centreline and established not below “on slope” on the T-VASIS or PAPI; or
- within 10 NM of the aerodrome (14 NM for RWYs 16L and 34L at YSSY), established not BLW the ILS
glidepath with less than full scale azimuth deflection.
b) VFR:
- maintain not less than the lowest altitude permissible for VFR flight (CAR 174B) until the aircraft is within 3 NM of the aerodrome and the aerodrome is in sight.
Visual Approaches
Requirements by day:
Within 30NM of that aerodrome at an altitude not below the LSALT/MSA for the route segment, the appropriate step of the DME or GNSS Arrival Procedure, or the MDA for the procedure being flown, the aircraft is established:
a) clear of cloud;
b) in sight of ground or water;
c) with a flight visibility not less than 5,000M or, in the case of a
helicopter, is able to proceed under helicopter VMC, or the
aerodrome is in sight; and
d) subsequently can maintain (a), (b) and (c) at an altitude not less
than the minimum prescribed for VFR flight (CAR 157) to within the circling area or, in the case of a helicopter, can subsequently maintain helicopter VMC to the HLS.
