Alternate Requirements and Holding Flashcards
Which aspects are considered when planning for an alternate
Alternates Could Very Well Prove Life Savers
Aids, Clouds, Vis, Wind, Lighting, Storms
Alternate Reqs
Aids
RPT and CHTR must provide for alternate unless either:
a. The destination AD is serviced by a radio navigation aid and the aircraft is
fitted with two independent and separate radio navigation systems capable of using the aid for a published instrument approach procedure
or
b. The destination AD is serviced by two radio navigation aids and the aircraft is fitted with two independent and separate radio navigation systems capable of using the aids for a published instrument approach procedure.
AWK and PVT must provide for alternate unless the destination AD is serviced by a radio navigation aid and the aircraft is fitted with a radio navigation system capable of using the aid for a published instrument approach procedure.
However, a flight may be planned under the IFR by day only to a destination AD which is not served by a radio navigation aid without the requirement to provide for an alternate provided that:
a. not more than SCT cloud is forecast below the final route segment LSALT plus 500 ft; and
b. forecast visibility at the destination AD is not less than 8 km; and
c. the aircraft can be navigated to the destination aerodrome in accordance
with para 19.1.
NVFR aircraft must provide an alternate within one hour of the destination unless:
a. the destination AD is served by a radio navigation aid and the aircraft is fitted with a radio navigation system capable of using the aid
or
b. the aircraft is fitted a GNSS receiver appropriate for an aircraft operated at night under the VFR, and the pilot is appropriately qualified.
Alternate Reqs
Clouds
Visibility
Wind
Except when operating an aircraft under the VFR by day within 50NM of the point of departure, the pilot in command must provide for a suitable alternate aerodrome when arrival at the destination will be during the currency of, or up to 30 minutes prior to the forecast commencement of, the following weather conditions:
cloud - more than SCT below the alternate minimum (see Para 59.2.12 and Para 59.2.13); or
visibility - less than the alternate minimum; or
visibility - greater than the alternate minimum, but the forecast is endorsed with a percentage probability of fog, mist, dust or any other phenomenon restricting visibility below the alternate minimum; or
wind - a crosswind or tailwind component more than the maximum for the aircraft.
Note: Wind gusts must be considered.
Alternate Reqs
PROV and PROB
When an aerodrome forecast is not available or is “provisional”, the pilot in command must make provision for a suitable alternate that has a firm forecast.
If a TAF has been endorsed with a probability of conditions being below the alternate minima, an alternate must be planned for.
Alternate Reqs
Lighting
Portable Lighting
An alternate must be planned when the runway lighting is portable unless a responsible person is in attendance for the period specified in AIP.
If No Standby Power Available
An alternate must be planned when the electric runway lighting, whether pilot activated or otherwise, does not have standby power unless portable runway lights are available and a responsible person is in attendance for the period specified in AIP.
An alternate nominated need not have standby power or standby portable runway lighting.
Pilot Activated Lighting
An alternate must be planned when the destination AD is equipped with PAL and standby power unless a responsible person is in attendance for the period specified in AIP.
An alternate nominated need not have standby power or standby portable runway lighting
Runway, obstacle and taxiway lighting must be operating during the following periods:
a. departure: 10 minutes before departure to 30 minutes after take-off;
b. arrival: 20 minutes before ETA to completion of landing and taxi.
Alternate Airports – PAL
RPT or single VHF
The alternate aerodrome must be one which is
a. served by a lighting system which is not pilot activated; or
b. served by PAL and there is a responsible person in attendance to
manually switch on the AD lighting.
Non-RPT, cargo-only RPT or RPT <3,500 KG
Page 13 of 36 25 Sept 16
Where the alternate aerodrome is served by PAL, there is no requirement for a responsible person to be in attendance, but the aircraft must be equipped with
a. dual VHF; or
b. single VHF and HF and carries 30 minutes holding fuel to allow for the
alerting of ground staff in the event of VHF failure.
Alternate Reqs
Storms
When thunderstorms or their associated severe turbulence or their probability is forecast at the destination, sufficient additional fuel must be carried to permit the aircraft to proceed to a suitable alternate or to hold for:
a. 30 minutes when the forecast is endorsed INTER; or b. 60 minutes when the forecast is endorsed TEMPO.
Holding
Sector Entries
Sector 1 entry (Parallel Entry)
a) On reaching the holding fix, the aircraft is turned onto an outbound heading for the appropriate time (taken from over or abeam the holding fix whichever is later), or until the reaching the limiting DME distance if earlier; then
b) the aircraft is turned onto the holding side to intercept the inbound track or to return to the fix; and then
c) on the second arrival over the holding fix, the aircraft is turned to follow the holding pattern.
Holding
Sector Entries
Sector 2 entry (Offset or Teardrop Entry)
a) On reaching the holding fix, the aircraft is turned onto a heading to make good a track of 30 degrees from the reciprocal of the inbound track on the holding side; then
b) flown outbound:
1. for the appropriate period of time from the holding fix, where
timing is specified, up to a maximum of 1 minute and 30
seconds; or, if earlier
2. until the appropriate limiting DME distance is attained, where
distance is specified; then
c) the aircraft is turned in the direction of the holding pattern to intercept
the inbound holding track; then
d) on second arrival over the holding fix, the aircraft is turned to follow the
holding pattern.
Holding
Sector Entries
Sector 3 entry (Direct Entry)
On reaching the holding fix, the aircraft is turned to follow the holding pattern. Outbound timing begins abeam the fix, or when the abeam position cannot be determined, from completion of the outbound turn.
DME Arc Entry
Having reached the fix, the aircraft must enter the holding pattern in accordance with either Sector 1 or Sector 3 entry procedure.
Holding Limitations Speed. IAS must not exceed: 1. Up to and inc. FL140 2. ABV FL140 3. Above FL200
- 230 or 170 for Cat A and B app only
- 240
- 265
Holding Limitations
Outbound timing:
Begins abeam the fix of on attaining the outbound heading, whichever comes later.
Holding Limitations
Time/Distance outbound:
The out bound leg must be no longer than: (1) up to and inc. FL140 – 1 minute or the time or distance limit
specified on the chart;
(2) above FL140 – 1.5 minutes or the time or the distance limit
specified on the chart.
Holding Limitations
Turns
All turns in nil wind should be at a bank angle of 25° or rate
one, whichever requires the lesser bank.
Holding Limitations
Wind allowance
Allowance should be made in heading and in timing
to compensate for the effects of wind to ensure the inbound track is regained before passing the holding fix inbound.
